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所谓的标点符号包括点号和标号
。使用时,不仅要掌握它们的用法,还要注意它们的规范书写。1.凡是点号(句号、问号、感叹号、逗号、顿号、分号、冒号),都应该在原稿纸上占一方格,写在空格的左方。 ①句号、逗号、顿号约占四分之一空格。 ②问号、感叹号、分号、冒号约占二分之一空格。2.标号大致分为两类,一般都占两格地位。 ①引号、括号和书名号都是分为前后两个部分,分别标在文字的前后,并各占一格。 ②省略号的六个圆点、破折号的一直横都占两个方格,上下位置居中。3.标点符号的转行 ①点号的功能是表示语气和停顿,必须紧接在原语句后面,如已写到一行的最后一格,应把标点贴着格的框线挤着写下去,不能提行写在下一行的开头。 ②破折号和省略号可以放在一行开头,但不可分开写在一行末尾和下一行开头两处。 ③引号和括号的前半可以放在一行开头,但不能放在上一行的末尾;它们的后半可以放在一行末尾,但不能放在下一行开头。即所谓的“前不尾,后不首”原则。
(备注:以上格式专指在方格稿纸上的书写格式,电脑输入时考虑到版面,电脑可能会自动调整字符间距,与稿纸手写时有点不同。但也遵循以上原则。)
标点符号的用法,应着重掌握以下几个方面的内容:
一、正确使用问号。①区别“选择问”与“连续问”。选择问中间用逗号,句末用问号,如“你是去打球呢,还是去游泳?”连续问各问句后均用问号,如:“他是谁?从什么地方来?”②区别“有疑而问”与“有疑而无问”。有些句子形似疑问句,但整个句子不是疑问语气,句末不能用问号,如:“我们应该研究一下,这件事情究竟怎么办。”
二、正确使用冒号。冒号是用在提示语后面或总括语前面,表示提示下文或总括上文的点号。应注意:①冒号一般管到句终;②不是直接引述别人的话,则“某某说”、“某某想”后不用冒号,而用逗号;③“某某说”之类提示语在引文前,其后用冒号;在引文中,其后用逗号;在引文后,其后用句号。
三、引号的用法以及引号与句末点号的配合使用。引号的作用有五种:①表直接引用;②表强调突出;③表讽刺和否定;④表特殊意义;⑤表特定称谓。使用引号应注意:①引文之内又有引文时,外边的一层用双引号,里边的一层用单引号;②如果引文独立成句,意思又完整,句末点号放在引号里面,如果引文不完整或者引文成为作者自己话的一部分,句末点号(问号、感叹号除外)要放在后引号之外;③如果转述别人的话,不直接引用,则不能用引号。
四、破折号。破折号的作用有:①表解释说明;②表意思递进;③表话题转换;④表声音延长;⑤表语音较大的停顿或中断;⑥表语意的跳跃或转折;⑦表总结上文;⑧用在副标题前;⑨表事项的列举分承。
五、省略号。①表引文或引述的话有所省略;②表重复词语的省略;③表列举同类事物和序数词语的省略;④表静默或思考;⑤表说话断断续续;⑥表语言的中断;⑦表话未说完,语意未尽。使用省略号应注意:①省略号就表示“等”、“等等”,省略号和“等”字,都可表列举省略,两者用一即可,不能同时使用;②省略号后面一般不用点号。
此外,还应掌握顿号、逗号、分号、句号、感叹号等标点符号的正确用法。
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