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一、开门见山法所谓“开门见山”,是一种比喻的说法,指的是写文章时直截了当入题的一种写法。如《散步》的开头:“我们一家人在田野上散步:我,我的母亲,我的妻子和儿子。”如《背影》的开头:“我与父亲不相见已二年余了,我最不能忘的是他的背影。”它的表达角度,可以是开头直叙本事,也可以起笔点题;可以开宗明义揭示主旨,也可以单刀直入点明敌论。如此等等。由于这种写法干脆利落,入题快捷,不枝不蔓,所以应为考场作文开头的首选方法。二、巧用修辞,连接话题比喻的作用就在于使语言形象、生动、活泼,富有表现力。排比修辞的优点在于句式整齐,给文章增加气势,加上优美的语言,会让读者产生愉悦感,犹如迎面吹来一股清新之风。再让修辞恰到好处的与话题相连,从而浑然一体,收到意想不到的效果。如《中国石拱桥》的开头:“石拱桥的桥洞成弧形,就像虹。”《马说》开头:“世有伯乐,然后有千里马”如《春》的开头:“盼望着,盼望着,东风来了,春天的脚步近了。一切都像刚睡醒的样子,欣欣然张开了眼。山朗润起来了,水涨起来了,太阳的脸红起来了。”三、设计悬念,引入话题倒叙开头,目的是设置悬念,引起读者的关注,激发读者的兴趣,并同时增加文章的曲折,显示文章的布局之美。如宗璞的《紫藤萝瀑布》:“我不由得停住了脚步”,刘绍堂的《蒲柳人家》:“七月天,中伏大晌午,热得像天上下火。何满子被爷爷拴在葡萄架的立柱上,系的是栓贼扣儿。”《羚羊木雕》“那只羚羊哪去啦?”妈妈突然问我。四、对比烘托,突出话题如周敦颐《爱莲说》的开篇,用陶渊明的爱菊、世人爱牡丹来衬我的独特爱好:爱莲。《济南的冬天》通过和北平,伦敦,热带的对比,突出济南冬天的温晴。五、环境描写,渐入话题任何单个事物,任何一种现象都离不开它所属的系统,即它赖以生存的社会背景或自然背景。如《孔乙己》开头:“当街一个曲尺形的大柜台„„可以随时温酒”。《在烈日和暴雨下》开头:“六月十五那天,天热得发了狂”。如何写好结尾,提高考场作文的质量呢?下面的结尾技巧,都是中考作文中常用的。1、自然收束式。不论哪种文体的文章,在把内容表达完了之后,自然而然地收束全文,而不去设计蕴意深刻的哲理语句,不去雕琢丰富的象征形体,这样的结尾谓之“自然结束式”。它完全避免了文章画蛇添足、无病呻吟的结尾毛病,显得单纯明快、朴素无华,在中考作文中得到广泛运用。考场作文气氛紧张,竞争激烈,不可能过多地讲究什么“式”,什么“法”。只要富于激情,挥洒自如,写到哪里就是哪里,能充分地表情达意就是一篇好文章,但讲究“自然”并不意味着随心所欲,马虎草率,而是顺着文思发展的自然趋势结束全局。在所学的课文中,这样的例子较多,在此不加赘述。2、首尾呼应式。结尾与开头要相呼应,写出既呼应开头,又不简单重复的语句,这种结尾方式是各类文章极常见的收束方法。这种收束方法能唤起读者心理上的美感,产生一种首尾圆合,浑然一体的感觉。如《背影》,开头写了“我与父亲不相见已二年余了,我最不能忘的是他的背影。”结尾写道:“在晶莹的泪光中,又看见那肥胖的青布棉袍黑布马褂的背影。唉,我不知何时再能与他相见。”“”如宗璞的《紫藤罗瀑布》:“我不由得停住了脚步”,而结尾则是“在这浅紫色的光辉和浅紫色的芳香中,我不由得加快了脚步。”《行道树》的开头:“我们是一列树,立在城市的飞尘里。”结尾是:“立在城市的飞尘里,我们是一列忧愁而又快乐的树。”3、画龙点晴式。这种结尾方式,就是在文章结束时,以全文的内容为依托,运用简洁的语言,把主题思想明确地表达出来,或者在全文即将煞尾时,把写作意旨交待清楚,所以这种结尾方法称“画龙点晴式”。如《狼》“狼亦黠矣,而顷刻两毙,禽兽之变诈几何哉?止增笑耳。”《核舟记》的结尾“嘻,技亦灵怪亦哉!”4、名言警句式。用名言、警句、诗句收尾,着意于引申文章,揭示某种人生的真谛。它往往出现在散文、记叙文、杂文的结尾,用三言两语,表述出含意深刻的耐人寻味的哲理或警策性内容,使之深深地印在读者的心中,起到“言已尽,意无穷”的效果。《陋室铭》结尾写道:“孔子云:何陋之有?”《五柳先生传》的结尾“赞曰:黔娄之妻有言:不戚戚于贫贱,不汲汲于富贵”。5、抒情议论式。用抒情议论的方式收束文章,能够表达作者心中的情愫,激起读者情感的波澜,引起读者的共鸣,有着强烈的艺术感染力。这种结尾方式主要用于写人记事的记叙文中,也可用于说明文、议论文的写作。抒情议论式结尾的形式是多种多样的,所以采取这种方式结尾比较自由,好的“抒情议论”式结尾必然油然而生真情,给读者以真实感、充足感。如《故乡》的结尾写道:“希望是本无所谓有,无所谓无的。这正如地上的路,其实世上本没有路,走的人多了,也便成了路。”再如《我的母亲》的结尾就是很典型的抒情议论式的结尾。作文要一气呵成,结尾与前面正文一线相生,不可缺痕。作文的结尾与开头一样,是篇篇各异的,但也有其规律可循。上面的几种结尾方式仅仅只是一些常用的结尾方式,切忌生搬硬套。
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