光控开关电路图

2025年02月14日 13:55
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网友(1):

用声光控延时开关2008-09-25 23:46 用声光控延时开关代替住宅小区的楼道上的开关,只有在天黑以后,当有人走过楼梯通道,发出脚步声或其它声音时,楼道灯会自动点亮,提供照明,当人们进入家门或走出公寓,楼道灯延时几分钟后会自动熄灭。在白天,即使有声音,楼道灯也不会亮,可以达到节能的目的。声光控延时开关不仅适用于住宅区的楼道,而且也适用于工厂、办公楼、教学楼等公共场所,它具有体积小、外形美观、制作容易、工作可靠等优点,适合广大电子爱好者自制。
一、电路的工作原理
声光控延时开关的电路原理图见图1所示。电路中的主要元器件是使用了数字集成电路cd4011,其内部含有4个独立的与非门vd 1~vd4,使电路结构简单,工作可靠性高。

顾名思义,声光控延时开关就是用声音来控制开关的“开启",若干分钟后延时开关“自动关闭"。因此,整个电路的功能就是将声音信号处理后,变为电子开关的开动作。明确了电路的信号流程方向后,即可依据主要元器件将电路划分为若干个单元,由此可画出图2所示的方框图。
结合图2来分析图1。声音信号(脚步声、掌声等)由驻极体话筒bm接收并转换成电信号,经c1耦合到vt的基极进行电压放大,放大的信号送到与非门(vd1)的2脚,r4、r7是vt偏置电阻,c2是电源滤波电容。
为了使声光控开关在白天开关断开,即灯不亮,由光敏电阻rg等元件组成光控电路,r5和rg组成串联分压电路,夜晚环境无光时,光敏电阻的阻值很大,rg两端的电压高,即为高电平间t=2πr8c3,改变r8或c3的值,可改变延时时间,满足不同目的。vd3和vd4构成两级整形电路,将方波信号进行整形。当c3充电到一定电平时,信号经与非门vd3、vd4后输出为高电平,使单向可控硅导通,电子开关闭合;c3充满电后只向r8放电,当放电到一定电平时,经与非门vd3、vd4输出为低电平,使单向可控硅截止,电子开关断开,完成一次完整的电子开关由开到关的过程。
二极管vd1~vd4将交流220v进行桥式整流,变成脉动直流电,又经r1降压,c2滤波后即为电路的直流电源,为bm、vt、ic等供电。
二、元器件的选择
ic选用cmos数字集成电路cd4011,其里面含有四个独立的与非门电路。内部结构见图3,vss是电源的负极,vdd是电源的正极。可控硅t选用1 a/400v的进口单向可控硅1 00-6型,如负载电流大可选用3a、6a、10a等规格的单向可控硅,单向可控硅的外形如图4所示,它的测量方法是:用r×1档,将红表笔接可控硅的负极,黑表笔接正极(如印制板图所示),这时表针无读数,然后用黑表笔触一下控制极k,这时表针有读数,黑表笔马上离开控制极k这时表针仍有读数(注意触控制极时正负表笔是始终连接说明该可控硅是完好的。驻极体选用的是一般收录机用的小话筒,它的测量方法是:用r×100档将红表笔接外壳的s、黑表笔接d,这时用口对着驻极体吹气,若表针有摆动说明该驻极体完好,摆动越大灵敏度越高;光敏电阻选用的是625a型,有光照射时电阻为20k以下,无光时电阻值大于100mq,说明该元件是完好的。二极管采用普通的整流二极管1n4001~1n4007。总之,元件的选择可灵活掌握,参数可在一定范围内选用。其它元件按图1所示的标注即可。

三、安装制作
准备好全套元件后,用万用表粗略地(因出厂前已测量过)测量一下各元件的质量,做到心中有数。
焊接时注意先焊接无极性的阻容元件,电阻采用卧装,电容采用直立装,紧贴电路板,焊接有极性的元件如电解电容、话筒、整流二极管、三极管、单向可控硅等元件时千万不要装反,注意极性的正确,否则电路不能正常工作甚至烧毁元器件。印刷电路图如图5所示。

四、调试
调试前,先将焊好的电路板对照印刷电路图认真核对一遍,不要有错焊、漏焊、短路、元件相碰等现象发生。通电后,人体不允许接触电路板的任一部分,防止触电,注意安全。如用万用表检测时,只用将万用表两表笔接触电路板相应处即可。
本电路调试时请先将光敏电阻的光挡住,将ab分别接在电灯的开关位上,用手轻拍驻极体,这时灯应亮,若用光照射光敏电阻,再用手重拍驻极体,这时灯不亮,说明光敏电阻完好,这时即告本套件制作成功。若不成功请仔细检查有无虚假错焊和拖锡短路现象。

网友(2):

我的空间里有 参考电路图。
http://hi.baidu.com/li%5Flaoshi/album/item/d79d9918194e40af4aedbcb0.html

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