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清朝入关是多尔衮的功劳
公元1644 年春,历史的天平开始向农民军倾斜。三月中,农民军便包围了北京城。多尔衮虽然试图与农民军协同作战,但并没有什么结果,直到明朝崇祯帝急诏宁远守将吴三桂回师勤王,才知道一块肥肉已落入他人之口。但是,历史的偶然性使吴三桂扮演了一个举足轻重的角色。他在山海关首先接受了李自成的招降,由唐通接管了山海关,然后率兵朝见李自成。但他走到玉田时,得知自己的私人利益遭到损害,便“翻然复走山海关”,击走唐通,背叛了李自成。至此,历史的天平又开始向清方偏倒。
这时候,满人已经意识到实现努尔哈赤和皇太极企图的时机到了。四月初四日,即吴三桂刚刚叛归山海关之时,内院大学士范文程上书多尔衮,认为“如秦失其鹿,楚汉逐之,是我非与明朝争,实与流寇争也”。主张立即出兵进取中原。他提出,“战必胜,攻必取,贼不如我;顺民心,招百姓,我不如贼”,因此要一改以往的屠戮抢掠政策,“严禁军卒,秋毫无犯”。即不仅在战略上改变得城不守之策,要入主中原,在战术上也要招揽民心。多尔衮接受了范文程的建议,并在得到北京为农民军攻破的确报之后,“急聚兵马而行”,与农民军争夺天下!
四月初十日,“吴三桂移檄至京,近京一路尽传”。李自成此时方知事态的严重,于十三日亲率部队往山海关讨吴,但仍带有招降他的侥幸心理,行军速度亦颇迟缓,十九日前后才兵临关城之下。在此期间,吴三桂已派出使者向清军求援,使者于十五日便见到了多尔衮,向他递交了吴三桂的信函,表示如清兵支援,则“将裂土以酬”。还不是投降的意思。多尔衮知道这是一个千载难逢的机会,但他非常谨慎,一方面召集大臣谋士们商议,一方面派人回沈阳调兵,再一方面故意延缓进军速度,逼迫吴三桂以降清的条件就范。由于事态紧急,吴三桂只得答应多尔衮的要求,请清军尽快入关,因为二十一日清军还距关十里,而关内炮声隆隆,喊杀阵阵,农民军已经开始攻城了。
多尔衮非常了解吴三桂的窘境,因此长时间地作壁上观,在李自成即将攻下东西罗城和北翼城,吴三桂几次派人又亲自杀出重围向他求救的情况下,估计双方实力已大损,这才发兵进入山海关。在与农民军的决战中,他又使吴军首先上阵,在双方精疲力竭之际再令八旗军冲击,结果农民军战败,迅速退回北京。可以说,在山海关以西发生的这次著名战役前后,多尔衮充分利用了汉族内部的阶级矛盾,挟制了吴三桂,使他不得不充当清军入主中原的马前卒。
山海关战役后,李自成慌忙退出北京,撤到山陕一带休整力量,以图再举。多尔衮则乘胜占领了北京,接受北京汉人的拥戴。从此,北京变成了满人的都城。
在不到一年里,多尔衮为清朝立下了两件大功:一是拥戴福临,巩固了新的统治秩序;二是山海关之战中运筹帷幄,击败了农民军,占领了北京城,开启了清皇朝入主中原的历史一页。特别是他占领北京之后,严禁抢掠,停止剃发,为明崇祯帝朱由检发丧,博得了北京士绅的好感,然后迎请顺治小皇帝赴京登基,很快稳定了占领区内的形势。这些功绩,在顺治元年开国大典上均得到表彰,不仅给他树碑立传,还赐他大量金银牲畜和衣物,并封他为叔父摄政王,确立了他不同于其他任何王公贵族的显赫地位。
是他。 〖立幼帝·大战山海关〗 〖九州干戈·开国定制〗
在不到一年里,多尔衮为清朝立下了两件大功:一是拥戴福临,巩固了新的统治秩序;二是山海关之战中运筹帷幄,击败了农民军,占领了北京城,开启了清皇朝入主中原的历史一页。特别是他占领北京之后,严禁抢掠,停止剃发,为明崇祯帝朱由检发丧,博得了汉族士绅的好感,然后迎请顺治小皇帝赴京登基,很快稳定了占领区内的形势。
是他。
〖立幼帝·大战山海关〗
〖九州干戈·开国定制〗
在不到一年里,多尔衮为清朝立下了两件大功:一是拥戴福临,巩固了新的统治秩序;二是山海关之战中运筹帷幄,击败了农民军,占领了北京城,开启了清皇朝入主中原的历史一页。特别是他占领北京之后,严禁抢掠,停止剃发,为明崇祯帝朱由检发丧,博得了汉族士绅的好感,然后迎请顺治小皇帝赴京登基,很快稳定了占领区内的形势。
参考资料:http://baike.baidu.com/view/6555.htm?ss=0A09A2B81014C82D088956291D290996CEFAE290#5
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