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如何检测路灯电缆故障及其主要方法
一、用兆欧表检测
此方法为传统路灯电缆故障检测法。路灯线路的供电半径一般在0.4-0.6km之间,路灯间距为30-40m,整个线路似树干状,负荷比较分散。要检测电缆的相间、对地绝缘阻值,必须先将路灯负荷切断,然后选取中间点断开,用兆欧表逐相进行相间、对地绝缘测试,用排除法来判断故障点方向。由于该方法只能检测出故障点所在档距,无法检测出准确位置,且电缆开断点较多,需重新压接恢复,工作量大,也给以后的维修工作增加了新的故障隐患点。因此,此法现已基本不用。
二、用钳形电流表检测
由于现有路灯配电柜内配有相应容量的断路器、熔断器等安全保护措施,所以电缆短路、漏电故障不会对电缆造成大面积破坏性损伤,一般情况下只要找出电缆故障点,切断重新压接包扎电缆即可继续使用。
采用钳形电流表检测路灯电缆的原理是:通过重新恢复烧坏的熔断器,对路灯电缆进行瞬间(2-3秒)送电(注:短时的瞬间电流不会使路灯电缆迅速发热,即不会对路灯电缆造成新的损伤),根据故障点至电源的故障电流非常大,故障点往下的电流小的规律,当检测到的电流值变成正常值时,则电流值为正常值的灯位的前一档距即为故障点所在处。检测的顺序是:先将每盏灯处的检修门(或检修井)打开,把路灯电缆暴露出来且每股分开,便于用钳形表检测电流(钳形表需打到电流档的最高档位);从第一盏灯打开始逐档检测电流,控制柜处的送、停电操作人员及现场检测电流人员均应配备对讲机,以便及时联系。在逐档检测时,必须先把钳形电流表卡到电缆做好准备后,才能开始通知送电人员瞬间送电。该方法无需人为切断主电缆及路灯负荷,不会对路灯电缆带来新的故障隐患点。我们通过多年的实践,认为该检测方法方便、快捷,检测仪器又为我们常备仪表,无须购置检测仪器。
三、用路灯电缆专用故障测试仪检测
目前有一种集路灯电缆路径检测、埋深测定和故障点定位三位一体的仪器。这一检测仪体积小,放在手提工具箱里,重量轻,单人即可轻松操作;由电池供电,无需220V电源,适合野外作业;电缆路径查找、埋深、故障点定位同步完成,效率高,不受外界干扰;不受电缆地下情况(分叉、接头扭曲、绕圈)影响,象探地雷一样,点对点去查找故障点,误差以厘米计;不受地面情况影响,如地砖、绿化带、水泥面等。该检测仪,由发射机和接收机组成,发射机可根据现场情况,采用单频发射或射频发射(音频适用于远距离,射频适用于近距离、有干扰的场合);接收机通过感应磁棒感应信号确定路灯电缆的路径及故障点,轻松操作,对路灯电缆故障点进行精确定位。
简单办法:测量电阻,根据电阻的大小、电缆线粗细算出单位长度电阻,判断故障位置。
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