include表示一个整体由几个部分组成,侧重包括者只是整体的一部分。例如:The bill includes tax and service. contain指一个整体包括的内容,侧重“内有”的意思。例如:Try to avoid foods which contain a lot fat. 通常一个句子来理解:The book contains five chapters, including one written by me. including one written by me. contain是包含所有的东西。又如,the meeting contains four parts. the meeting contains four parts. inclu是包含一部分的东西。又如,the speech includes self-introduction. uction. conta更多地用于客观事物,如容器内有什么,什么东西有什么成分等等。 而include多用于虚拟范畴,表示实物以外的东西,如我们今天的任务包括…… 容易混淆的时候,我们看看英文解释: : include: have sb/sth as part of a whole contain: have or hold sth within itse involve=to cause (sb.) to be included in or troubled by sth.:包括;牵涉,多指某种局势或活动涉及了人或物。 Don't involve me in your quarrel, please. 请不要把我牵涉到你们的争吵中。 hold=to be able to contain:容纳;包含,指某物能装下一定数量的人或物。The car can hold four adults. 这个车子可以乘坐四个成年人。