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拉尼娜为西班牙语“小女孩”的意思。用以指赤道太平洋东部和中部海表温度大范围持续异常变冷(连续6个月低于常年0.5℃以上)的现象。可见,拉尼娜的定义正好与厄尔尼诺相反,故也被称为“反厄尔尼诺”。拉尼娜常与厄尔尼诺交替出现,但其发生频率要低于厄尔尼诺。例如,80年代以来仅发生了3次拉尼娜,是厄尔尼诺发生频率的一半。厄尔尼诺的发生机制正好相反,当赤道太平洋信风持续加强时,赤道东太平洋表面暖水被吹走,深层的冷水上翻作为补充,海表温度进一步变冷,从而形成拉尼娜。拉尼娜对天气气候的影响大致与厄尔尼诺相反,但其影响程度和威力较厄尔尼诺要小。拉尼娜出现时印度尼西亚、澳大利亚东部、巴西东北部、印度及非洲南部等地降雨偏多,在太平洋东部和中部地区、阿根廷、赤道非洲、美国东南部等地易出现干旱。拉尼娜年,我国容易出现冷冬热夏,即冬季气温较常年偏低,夏季偏高。另外,在西太平洋和南海地区生成及登陆我国的热带气旋个数,拉尼娜年比常年多
9260年最冷冬天来了?WMO称拉尼娜现象定了!什么是拉尼娜现象?
拉尼娜(La Nina)指的是厄尔尼诺现象的反相。即赤道东太平洋海温较常年偏低。这里本来就是海洋寒流的活动区。其与正常年份相比,只是海温偏低程度的差别,而不是冷暖性质的对立。一般来说拉尼娜的影响和破坏力没有厄尔尼诺严重。对它的研究也不及厄尔尼诺多。
拉尼娜常发生于厄尔尼诺之后,但也不是每次都这样。厄尔尼诺与拉尼娜相互转变需要大约四年的时间。
中国海洋学家认为,中国在1998年遭受的特大洪涝灾害,是由“厄尔尼诺—拉尼娜现象”和长江流域生态恶化两大成因共同引起的。
中国海洋学家和气象学家注意到,去年在热带太平洋上出现的厄尔尼诺现象(海洋变暖)已在一个月内转变为一次拉尼娜现象(海水变冷)。这种从未有过的情况是长江流域降雨暴增的原因之一。
这次厄尔尼诺使中国的气候也十分异常,1998年6 月至7月,江南、华南降雨频繁,长江流域、两湖盆地均出现严重洪涝,一些江河的水位长时间超过警戒水位,两广及云南部分地区雨量也偏多五成以上,华北和东北局部地区也出现涝情。拉尼娜也会造成气候异常。中科院院士、国家海洋环境预报研究中心名誉主任巢纪平告诉记者,现在的形势是:厄尔尼诺的影响并未完全消失,而拉尼娜的影响又开始了,这使中国的气候状态变得异常复杂。一般来说,由厄尔尼诺造成的大范围暖湿空气移动到北半球较高纬度后,遭遇北方冷空气,冷暖交换,形成降雨量增多。但到六月后,夏季到来,雨带北移,长江流域讯期应该结束。但这时拉尼娜出现了,南方空气变冷下沉,已经北移的暖湿流就退回填补真空。事实上,副热带高压在7 月10日已到北纬30度,又突然南退到北纬18度,这种现象历史上从未见过。
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