瞬间动词和延续性动词

延续性动词和短暂性动词的使用
在学习现在完成时的过程中，我们经常碰到类似这样的句子：
1）这辆自行车我已经买了五年了。
2）这位老人已经去世五年了。

此时，有些同学就想当然的将之翻译为：
1)I have bought this bike for five years.（此句突出“买”的动作。言下之意，到现在还没有买到。）
2)The old man has died for five years.(此句突出“死”的动作，给人的感觉是“这位老人五年期间一直在死亡线上挣扎”。)

造成这种错误的主要原因是学习者在运用动词的过程中，将瞬间动词与延续性动词混为一谈。英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和瞬间动词。
那么，什么是瞬间动词呢？简而言之，瞬间动词也叫短暂性动词或终止性动词。这种动词是指它们动作的开始也就意味着动作的结束，所以不能直接跟表示一段的时间状语连用。 如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow, buy, die等。
延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。
延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可与表示"段时间"的状语连用。延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的"点时间"状语连用.

It raind at eight yesterday morning.(误) rain为延续性动词，而at eight表示"点时间"，前后显然矛盾。如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作，可以借助come, begin, get等终止性动词来表示。上句可改为：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)

那么，如何使瞬间动词与表示一段时间的状语连用呢？此时，我们可以将这些词转换成意义相近的延续性词（组），从而间接表示其中的意思。

a)用延续性动词代替终止性动词
1、用have代替buy
My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.
2、用keep或have代替borrow
I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.
3、用be替代become
How long has your sister been a teacher?
4、用have a cold代替catch a cold
Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.
5、用wear代替put on
b)用“be＋形容词”代终止性动词
1、be＋married代marry 2、be＋ill代fall (get) ill
3、be＋dead代die 4、be＋asleep代fall (get) asleep
5、be＋awake代wake/wake up 6、be＋gone代lose,die,sell,leave
7、be＋open代open 8、be closed代close/shut
9、be＋missing(gone,lost)代lose
c)用“be＋副词”代终止性动词
1“be＋on”代start,begin
2“be＋up”代get up
3“be＋back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to
4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等
d)用“be＋介词短语”代终止性动词
1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to
2.用be in the army 代替join the army
3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to

补充一点

短暂变延续
leave ---- be away (from)

buy ---- have

borrow ---- keep

die ---- be dead

join the army ---- be in the army

join the Party ---- be in the Party

begin ---- be on

catch a cold ---- have a cold

fall sleep ---- be asleep

他哥哥两年前当兵去了。

His brother joined the army two years ago.

His brother has been in the army for two years.

It is two years since his brother joined the army.

Mr. Smith三年前死了。

Mr. Smith died three years ago.

Mr. Smith has been dead for three years.

It is three years since Mr. Smith died.

我一个月前买了一本书。

I bought a book a month ago.

I have had a book for a month.

It is a month since I bought a book.

John十年前离开了家乡。

John left his hometown ten years ago.

John has been away from his hometown for ten years.

It is ten years since John left his hometown.

他们一周前从图书馆借了五本书。

They borrowed five books from library a week ago.

They have kept five books for a week.

It is a week since they borrowed five books.

电影已经开始十分钟了。

The film started ten minutes ago.

The film has been on for ten minutes.

It is ten minutes since the film started.

瞬间，指一秒完成的，延续是很长很长的时间完成

一、延续性动词和非延续性动词的概念
英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。
延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。
非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如：open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow, buy等。
二、延续性动词的用法特征
1. 延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可与表示“时间段”的状语连用。
表示时间段的短语有：for+一段时间（eg: for two years）, since从句（eg: since he came here）, since+时间点名词（eg: since last year）, during the past three years, how long, for a long time等。
例：I have learned English since I came here. 自从我来到这儿就学习英语了。
2. 延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的“时间点”状语连用。
如：It raind at eight yesterday morning.（误）rain为延续性动词，而at eight表示“时间点”，前后显然矛盾。
如果要用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作，可以借助come, begin, get等非延续性动词来表示。上句可改为：It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.
又如以下这段对话：
-When did you get to know Jack? 你什么时候认识Jack的？
-Two years ago. 两年前。
-Then you've known each other for more than two years. 也就是说你们俩认识两年多了。
-That's right. 没错。

一、延续性动词
延续性动词表示的动作不但可以延续，而且可以产生持久的影响。常见的这类动词有：be，have，keep，know，learn，lie，live，read，sing，sleep，stand，stay，wait，walk，watch等。延续性动词的用法很广，但常见于现在完成时中的句子中，且常与for，how，long，since等引导的表示一段时间的状语或状语从句连用。例如：
1．I have learned more than 1，000 Chinese words since I came to China．
自从来到中国，我已经学会了l，000多个汉字。
2．We have lived in Linqing since we came here．自从来到这儿，我们就一直住在临清。
3．I have kept the picture for about three years．这张画我保存了大约三年。

二、终止性动词
终止性动词又称为瞬间动词或非延续性动词，它表示的动作不能延续，也就是说动作一旦发生就立即结束，并产生某种结果。常见的这类动词有：accept，arrive，become，begin，borrow，break，buy，catch，close，come，die，end，fall，finish，get，give，go，join，leave，put，reach，receive，shut，start，stop等。终止性动词用在现在完成时要注意下面三点：
（一）终止性动词可直接用来表示某一动作的完成。例如：
1．They have reached Shanghai．他们已经到达了上海。
2．Has he gone to London? 他已经到伦敦去了吗?
（二）终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续，所以，在现在完成时中一般不能和以since，for等引导的表示一段时间的状语连用。例如：
1．那老人已经死了一周了。The old man has died for a week．(误)
2．他三天前就已经来这儿了。He has come here since three days ago．(误)
在以上两句中，die和come都是终止性动词，可用于现在完成时，但不能与以
since或for引导的表示一段时间的状语连用。那么，上面两个句子应该怎样译成英语呢?请看下面四种译法：
1．把终止性动词改为延续性的动词。例如：
①The old man has been dead for a week．
②He has been here since three days ago．
2．把原句中的一段时间改为表示“过去”的时间，时态由现在完成时改变成一般过去时。例如：
①The old man died a week ago．
②He came here three days ago．
3．用“It is+时间+since…”句式。例如：
①It is／has been a week since the old man died．
②It has been／is three days since he came here．
4．用“多长时间+has passed+since…”句式。例如：
①A week has passed since the old men died．
②Three days had passed since he came here．

(三)有关特殊终止性动词的用法。
1．在while(表示一段时间)引导的从句里，谓语动词不能使用终止性动词，但可以把while改成when，这样，从句里的谓语动词就可以使用终止性动词了。因为when既可以表示时间的“点”，又可以表示时间的“段”。例如：
While he got to America．he found his English Was very poor．(误)
When he got t0 America．he found his English was very poor．(正)
2．终止性动词的否定式与until连用时，意为“直到……才／不到什么时间不……”等。例如：
Don’t get off until the bus stops．车未停稳，切勿下车。
3．终止性动词不可以与how long引导的句式连用。例如：
How long have you borrowed the magazine?(误)
When did you borrow the magazine?(正)
How long have you kept the magazine?(正)