概括河西走廊发展玉米制种业的分布特点

2025年04月04日 08:45
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河西走廊发展农业的有利条件是:
地质河西走廊属于祁连山地槽边缘拗陷带。喜马拉雅运动时,祁连山大幅度隆升,走廊接受了大量新生代以来的洪积、冲积物。自南而北,依次出现南山北麓坡积带、洪积带、洪积冲积带、冲在河西走廊山地的周围,由山区河流搬运下来的物质堆积于山前,形成相互毗连的山前倾斜平原。在较大的河流下游,还分布着冲积平原。这些地区地势平坦、土质肥沃、引水灌溉条件好,便于开发利用,是河西走廊绿洲主要的分布地区。
河西走廊气候干旱,许多地方年降水量不足200毫米,但祁连山冰雪融水丰富,灌溉农业发达。
气候河西走廊冬春二季常形成寒潮天气。夏季降水的主要来源是侵入本区的夏季风。气候干燥、冷热变化剧烈,风大沙多。自东而西年降水量渐少,干燥度渐大。如武威年降水量158.4毫米,敦煌36.8毫米;酒泉以东干燥度为4~8,以西为8~24。降水年际变化大。夏季降水占全年总量50~60%,春季15~25%,秋季10~25%,冬季3~16%。云量少,日照时数增加,多数地区为3000小时,西部的敦煌高达3336小时。年均温5.8~9.3℃,但绝对最高温可达42.8℃,绝对最低温为-29.3℃,二者较差超过72.1℃。昼夜温差平均15℃左右,一天可有四季。民勤年沙暴日50天以上,而安西8级以上大风的风日一年有80天,有“风库”之称。走廊风向多变。武威、民勤一带以西北风为主;嘉峪关以西的玉门、安西、敦煌等地,以东北风和东风为主。
河西走廊的气候属大陆性干旱气候,尽管降水很少(年降水量只有200毫米左右),但发展农业的其它气候条件仍非常优越。
当地云量稀少,日照时间较长,全年日照可达2550小时~3500小时,光照资源丰富,对农作物的生长发育十分有利。因地处中纬度地带,且海拔较高,热量不足、但作物生长季节气温偏高,加之气温日变化大,有利于农作物的物质积累,特别适于瓜果糖份的积累。
土壤河西走廊的耕地主要分布在山前平原上。冲积扇上部组成物质以砾石为主,夹有粗砂,很少利用;冲积扇中部和下部组成物质以沙土为主,多辟为耕地。冲积平原土质较细,组成物质以亚砂土、亚粘土为主,也是开耕的主要区域。在长期耕作灌溉条件下形成厚达1米、有机质含量高、土壤肥力高的土层,为发展农业提供了优越的条件。
走廊西部分布棕色荒漠土,中部为灰棕荒漠土,走廊东部则为灰漠土、淡棕钙土和灰钙土,淡棕钙土分布在接近荒漠南缘的草原化荒漠地带;灰钙土分布在祁连山山前黄土丘陵、洪积冲积扇阶地与平原绿洲。灰棕荒漠土带的西端以石膏灰棕荒漠土为主,东端以普通灰棕荒漠土和松沙质原始灰棕荒漠土为主,东北部原始灰棕荒漠土和灰棕荒漠土型松沙土占显著地位。盐渍土类广泛分布于低洼地区,自东向西,面积逐渐扩大。草甸土分布面积则自东向西缩小。
地带性植被主要由超旱生灌木、半灌木荒漠和超旱生半乔木荒漠组成。东部荒漠植被具有明显的草原化特征,形成较独特的草原化荒漠类型,如珍珠猪毛菜群系、猫头刺群系,除常见的荒漠种红砂、合头草、尖叶盐爪爪等,还伴生有不同程度的草原成分,主要有沙生针茅、短花针茅、戈壁针茅、无芒隐子草、中亚细柄茅、多根葱、蒙古葱等。西部广布砾质戈壁和干燥剥蚀石质残丘,生态环境更加严酷。砾质戈壁分布有典型的荒漠植被,如红砂、膜果麻黄、泡泡刺、木霸王、裸果木等群落类型。流动沙丘常见有沙拐枣、籽高、沙米、沙芥等。固定沙丘常见有多枝柽柳、齿叶白刺、白刺等。疏勒河中、下游和北大河中游有少量胡杨和尖果沙枣林。湖盆低地,盐化潜水补给的隐域生境,分布有细叶盐爪爪、有盐爪爪、盐角草盐漠。河流冲积平原上分布有芦苇、芨芨草、甘草、骆驼刺、花花柴、苦豆子、马蔺、拂子茅等组成的盐生草甸。
为防止风沙和干热风侵袭,绿洲地区,采用钻天杨、青杨、新疆杨、沙枣等,营造防风林带,效果显著。
农业基础河西走廊灌溉农业区历史悠久,是甘肃省最重要农业区,是我国西北内陆著名的灌溉农业区。它是西北地区最主要的商品粮基地和经济作物集中产区。它提供了全省2/3以上的商品粮、几乎全部的棉花、9/10的甜菜、2/5以上的油料、啤酒大麦和瓜果蔬菜。平地绿洲区主要种植春小麦、大麦、糜子、谷子、玉米、及少量水稻、高粱、马铃薯。油料作物主要为胡麻。瓜类有西瓜、仔瓜和白兰瓜,果树以枣、梨、苹果为主。山前地区以夏杂粮为主,主要种植青稞、黑麦、蚕豆、豌豆、马铃薯和油菜。河西畜牧业发达,如山丹马营滩自古即为著名军马场。
参考链接:河西走廊(地理名词)_百度百科

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