机器翻译就是使用电脑把一种语言翻译 为另一种自然语言,这种高度智能化的任务 在电脑诞生之初就被列为一项重要的研究应用。
1947年,美国人沃伦韦弗等人最先提出设计一台能够翻译的电脑的构想。1954年 初,实现了世界上第一个俄、英机器翻译系统,第一次向公众和科学界展示了机器翻译 的可行性。
一般看来,翻译的任务无非是查查辞典。 对于人类来说,也许是的,因为人类有大脑中 的各种知识在支持翻译。
但是电脑并没有这些支持,碰到一个歧义,如果人们不告诉它如 何处理,它就不知道怎么解决。例如,bn度到 底译为"河岸"还是"银行"?所l机器翻译在20世纪50年代的乐观景象很快就被随之 而来的各种难题所压倒,被说成一无是处。
但是在当今的信息他社会里,能够让电脑来自动翻译实在是太诱人了。而且,随着互联 网席卷全球,网上社会同样存在着语言障碍,阻碍着人们的交流。
因此,机器翻译格外引人瞩目。但是,面对人类使用的自然语言,电脑现 有的语言理解和表达能力确实很难令人满 意。
机器翻译系统如何获得高质量的译文,不仅取决于系统对源语言的正确分析和理 解,也取决于从源语言到目标语言的正确转换。就电脑对语言的理解来说,前面已经讲 过,电脑对有歧义的句子,往往不能正确理 解,从而影响对段落的理解,更不用说对隐含意义、比喻、引申等的理解。
举一个最简单的 例子,"Good mornng。"这一句,人们都知道是 "早上好"的意思,但是,机器就可能把它翻译 成"好的早上"。
对于这一句,人们还可八事 先"告诉"电脑它的意思就是"早上好",但是 遇到一些有多种意思的短语或句子,就无法事先确定,而要靠机器对句子的理解了。 就转换而言,其中的两个关键技术是目 标语言结构的确定和译文词汇的选择与排列 顺序。
对于译文词汇的选择,只要要求不是特别高,已经能够基本满足。但是,对于目标 语言结构的确定,就需要在对目标语言的理解的基础上,运用目标语言的语法所确定的 各个词之间的逻辑关系来确定。
要让机器翻译系统达到和人翻译一样的 效果,还必须待以时日。但是它目前的发 展速度和市场前景来看,肯定很快就能够满足人们的一般的需要。
Kong Zi is a famous thinker and educator in history. It is the founder of the Confucian school, and is honored as the ancient sage. His speech and life activities are recorded in the Analects of confucius. The Analects of Confucius is a classical work of ancient culture, and has a great influence on the thinkers, writers and politicians of the later dynasties. Do not study the Analects of Confucius, we can not really grasp the traditional culture of China for thousands of years. Many thoughts of Kong Zi, especially his educational thoughts, have a profound influence on society. In twenty-first Century, Kong Zi's theory was not only the people's attention, but also more and more attention by the whole international munity.。
塞翁失马
战国时期,靠近北部边城,住着一个老人,名叫塞翁。塞翁养了许多马,一天,他的马群中忽然有一匹走失了。邻居们听说这件事,跑来安慰,劝他不必太着急,年龄大了,多注意身体。塞翁见有人劝慰,笑了笑说:“丢了一匹马损失不大,没准会带来什么福气呢。”
邻居听了塞翁的话,心里觉得很好笑。马丢了,明明是件坏事,他却认为也许是好事,显然是自我安慰而已。过了几天,丢失的马不仅自动返回家,还带回一匹匈奴的骏马。
邻居听说了,对塞翁的预见非常佩服,向塞翁道贺说:“还是您有远见,马不仅没有丢,还带回一匹好马,真是福气呀。”
塞翁听了邻人的祝贺,反而一点高兴的样子都没有,忧虑地说:“白白得了一匹好马,不一定是什么福气,也许惹出什么麻烦来。”
邻居们以为他故作姿态纯属老年人的狡猾。心里明明高兴,有意不说出来。
塞翁有个独生子,非常喜欢骑马。他发现带回来的那匹马顾盼生姿,身长蹄大,嘶鸣嘹亮,膘悍神骏,一看就知道是匹好马。他每天都骑马出游,心中洋洋得意。
一天,他高兴得有些过火,打马飞奔,一个趔趄,从马背上跌下来,摔断了腿。邻居听说,纷纷来慰问。
塞翁说:“没什么,腿摔断了却保住性命,或许是福气呢。”邻居们觉得他又在胡言乱语。他们想不出,摔断腿会带来什么福气。
不久,匈奴兵大举入侵,青年人被应征入伍,塞翁的儿子因为摔断了腿,不能去当兵。入伍的青年都战死了,唯有塞翁的儿子保全了性命。
Near China's northern borders lived a man well versed in the practices of Taoi *** . His horse, for no reason at all, got into the territory of the northern tribes. Everyone miserated with him.
"Perhaps this will soon turn out to be a blessing," said his father.
After a few months, his animal came back, leading a fine horse from the north. Everyone congratulated him.
"Perhaps this will soon turn out to be a cause of misfortune," said his father.
Since he was well-off and kept good horses his son became fond of riding and eventually broke his thigh bone falling from a horse. Everyone miserated with him.
"Perhaps this will soon turn out to be a blessing," said his father.
One year later, the northern tribes started a big invasion of the border regions. All able-bodied young men took up arms and fought against the invaders, and as a result, around the border nine out of ten men died. This man's son did not join in the fighting because he was crippled and so both the boy and his father survived.
The rulers of ancient dance culture has done a lot of effort, but also received a lot of results..And the development of dance to some extent reflects the degree of civilization of a country's prosperity, the mainstream consciousness of the times.From the modern point of view, the wide variety of dance, rich in meaning.In fact, the dance can be described as a long history.In this paper, through the study of the origin and development of the Han Dynasty dance,the reason of this development ,and influence of the Han Dynasty Dance,Analysis of Dance in the Han era specific environment, the rapid development of the Han Dynasty dance reference for today's culture.
全文如上,写论文用的吧,其实可以自己在谷歌上翻译的,稍微费点时间而已。