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1、分布广、适应性强:我国从南到北大部分地区均可种植,但主要集中在山东、河南、河北、安徽等省,占全国花生产量的60%以上。我县从海拔200米以下的低山到海拔1500米的高山均可种植,但主要集中在海拔400米左右的中西部低山、丘岗地区。
2、喜温、较耐弱光:花生属高温短日照作物,但对光照不太敏感。日平均气温稳定在12℃以上才能播种,所以春种不能太早,且最好用地膜覆盖。大面积以夏季播种为主,适宜于玉米等高杆植物间作套种。
3、较耐旱、耐瘠薄,但不耐重茬:花生根系非常发达,叶片具“睡眠运动”,夜晚与干旱时闭合减少水分散失,叶肉内有大型贮水细胞可以贮存与运输水分,以备干旱时需求。因而花生耐旱能力相对较强,加之花生是豆科作物,根部有根瘤菌,具有较强的固氮能力,所以适宜在山区旱薄坡地种植。但花生不耐重茬,长期连作会使花生地下害虫、土传性病害加重,土壤养分失衡,产量每年递减15—20%,所以必须轮作换茬。
4、需氮少,需磷、钾多,喜钙:花生根瘤菌有固氮能力,为促进根瘤菌繁殖,提高固氮能力,需用根瘤菌、钼酸铵拌种。种植时要控施氮肥,增施磷、钾肥,并用石膏(硫酸钙)拌种或底施。扩展资料:花生的营养价值:1、提高智力,增强记忆力 花生蛋白中含十多种人体所需的氨基酸,其中赖氨酸可使儿童提高智力,谷氨酸和天门冬氨酸可促使细胞发育和增强大脑的记忆能力。2、促进人体生长发育 花生中钙含量极高,钙是构成人体骨骼的主要成分,故食花生可促进人体的生长发育。3、凝血止血花生衣中含有油脂和多种维生素,并含有使凝血时间缩短的物质,能对抗纤维蛋白的溶解,有促进骨髓制造血小板的功能,对多种出血性疾病,不但有止血的作用,而且对原发病有一定的治疗作用,对人体造血功能有益。4、润肺止咳 花生中含有丰富的脂肪油可以起到润肺止咳的作用,常用于久咳气喘,咯痰带血等病症。
5、养血通乳 花生中含丰富的脂肪油和蛋白质,对产后乳汁不足者,有滋补气血,养血通乳作用。
6、抗衰老 花生中所含有的儿茶素对人体具有很强的抗老化的作用,赖氨酸也是防止过早衰老的重要成分。常食花生,有益于人体延缓衰老。
花生的特点:
1、花生是一年生草本植物。从播种到开花只用一个月多一点时间,而花期却长达两个多月。它的花单生或簇生于叶腋部,每株花生开少则一二百朵、多则上千朵。
2、花生开花授粉后,子房基部的子房柄不断伸长,从枯萎的花管内长出一根果针,呈紫色。果针迅速地纵向伸长。它先向上生长,几天后,子房柄下垂于地面。在延伸的过程中,子房柄表皮细胞木质化,保护幼嫩的果针入土。
3、当果针入土后达5~6厘米时,子房开始横卧,肥大变白,体表长出茸毛,可以直接吸收水分和各种养分以供生长发育的需要。这样一颗接一颗的种子相继形成,表皮逐渐皱缩,荚果逐渐成熟,形成了我们所见的花生果实。
4、地上开花地下结果是花生所固有的一种遗传特性,也是对特殊环境长期适应的结果。花生结果时喜黑暗、湿润和机械刺激的生态环境。这些因素已成为荚果生长发育不可缺少的条件。因而,为了生存和传种,它只有把子房伸到土壤中去,来结果实。
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