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海相碳酸盐岩层系油气资源量巨大,据统计,世界上可采+探明储量超过7000×104t的油气田有266个,其中44%(116个)为碳酸盐岩油气田。世界上可采储量为246.8×108t,其中61%(近150×108t)产自碳酸盐岩油气藏。中国海相碳酸盐岩分布面积近340×104km2,占大陆沉积岩总面积40%;中国海相地层的石油资源量为92×108t,占中国石油资源量的9.5%~13.4%;中国海相地层的天然气资源量为17×1012m3,占中国天然气资源量的58%~59.1%(马永生,2000)。总体而言,中国海相碳酸盐岩层系与国外海相地层比较,发现的油气藏还比较少。这种现状与我国海相碳酸盐岩层系的特殊性有关,与国外海相碳酸盐岩层系相比,中国海相碳酸盐岩层系存在5方面的显著差异。①时代老:国外富油气海相碳酸盐岩层系主要发育于中、新生代和晚古生代,而我国海相碳酸盐岩层系则主要发育于古生代。这一特点带来的问题,一是成烃有机质的来源、发育条件及成烃机制不清楚;二是沉积有机质经历的地质历史时期长、构造运动次数多,油气的保存与散失的条件非常复杂,影响因素多。②烃源岩有机质丰度低:国外海相碳酸盐岩层系烃源岩的有机碳含量常大于0.5%,最大可达5%以上,如意大利阿尔卑斯、亚平宁和西西里南部的上三叠统碳酸盐岩烃源岩其TOC含量分别高达4.0%、4.83%和14.5%(Brown et a1.,2000);而我国海相碳酸盐岩烃源岩TOC含量一般小于0.2%,泥质岩烃源岩TOC含量相对较高,如四川盆地下寒武统TOC含量平均为1.09%,下志留统TOC含量为0.99%,下二叠统TOC含量为2.14%,上二叠统为3.66%(钱凯等,2003)。③有机质热演化程度高:国外海相碳酸盐岩层系一般处于未成熟一成熟热演化阶段,如白俄罗斯共和国的普里皮亚特(Pripyat)盆地中上泥盆统烃源岩Ro平均为0.4%~1.1%(黎发文,1999)。而我国海相碳酸盐岩层系由于经历了长期的复杂的热力作用,有机质大部分处于湿气—干气演化阶段。此外,海相碳酸盐岩层系中缺乏可靠的镜质体,给恢复生烃历史和评价成烃阶段带来了较大困难(李晋超等,1998)。④勘探目的层埋藏深:我国海相碳酸盐岩层系保存较好的四川和塔里木等盆地,由于其被中、新生代陆相盆地叠覆,使古生界的勘探目的层埋藏深度达3~7km,另外深层的温度、压力均高,储层的成岩程度高,油气成藏的机制可能与中、浅层存在差异。⑤油气藏保存条件差:我国海相碳酸盐岩层系沉积区都不是典型的克拉通盆地,它们所经历的多旋回演化历程虽形成了多套生、储、盖层系,有利于形成叠覆的多种类型油气藏,但地层曾反复升降,既使原型盆地被强烈改造,也改变了原生油气藏的保存条件,使已聚集油气处于不断地再分配的调整过程中。
鉴于我国海相碳酸盐岩层系的特殊性,使石油地质学家对海相碳酸盐岩层系油气富集及分布规律的认识还比较肤浅。要揭示海相地层的油气分布规律,就必须要搞清我国海相碳酸盐岩层系的成盆、成烃和成藏的基础理论问题(李晋超等,1998),在成烃方面需要开展对我国海相碳酸盐岩层系生烃条件与生烃史的分析。
生烃条件分析的首要问题是厘定有效烃源岩(或优质烃源岩)的时空分布。众所周知,烃源岩是油气生成和成藏的物质基础,其数量、质量及空间展布特征控制着油气藏的类型、分布和规模(陶士振等,2003)。Ronov(1958)对俄罗斯地台上泥盆统页岩分布与石油分布关系的研究揭示,油藏主要集中在古比雪夫-乌法地区,其上泥盆统烃源岩TOC含量为0.5%~5%,在TOC含量略大于0.5%的地区发现有小型气田,在TOC含量小于0.25%地区,没有油气显示。因此对烃源岩的正确界定将直接关系到资源评价的准确性及勘探和开发的风险和效益。多年来,我国一些学者一直在致力于说明低有机质丰度、高成熟度的碳酸盐岩仍可作为有效烃源岩(周中毅等,1974;傅家谟等,1977,1983,1984;刘宝泉等,1997;王兆云等,2004)。然而,几十年的勘探实践表明,TOC低于0.1%的碳酸盐岩是不能作为有效烃源岩的,其经热演化只能生成少许晶洞油、裂缝油,仅具有理论意义而无商业价值。
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