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赤壁大战简介
今日赤壁,乃三国古战场遗迹,主址由三山组成,三山是:赤壁山、南屏山和金鸾山。赤壁文物荟萃,胜迹历历,周围有黄盖湖、周郎嘴、古镇陆溪口及江北乌林,范围广大,古往今来,游人乐至景仰。
据《三国志》、《资治通鉴》等诸多史籍记载:东汉建安十三年(公元二0八年),曹操率军十五、六万以泰山压顶之势,荡平中原,席卷荆州,顺江而下,虎视江东。为了抗衡曹操,孙权、刘备结同盟,委都督周瑜统军五万,溯江西上,雄踞江南赤壁,迫曹军屯兵守乌林,隔江相峙。联军虽弱,但众志成城,且占地利,兼有周瑜、程普、孔明、鲁肃、黄盖、庞统等一批文武良才运筹帷幄。“反间”制乱,“苦肉”诈降,计设“连环”,巧“借”东风,一把大火化曹军战舰为灰烬。赤壁,由此而闻名遐迩,千古传颂。
赤壁之战的经过
战前谋略: 曹军由江陵东进,长途跋涉,将士已有疾疫。与江东兵初战,发生挫折,曹公把全军移于江北,便于进退。与江东兵隔江相持于乌林、赤壁之间。江东兵统帅周瑜等在江南,部将黄盖提出“火攻”作战计划。瑜等为达到“火攻”敌方船舰的目的,由黄盖出面,向曹公致书云欲诈降。书内大意“以江东六郡山越之人,以当中原百万之众,众寡不敌,海内所共见也。东方将吏,无有愚智,皆知其不可。”次述惟有“周瑜、鲁肃偏怀浅赣,意未解耳。”最后又述:“瑜所督领,自易摧破。交锋之日,盖为前部,当因事变化,效命在即。”曹公因一系列性胜利,把周瑜、黄盖密谋,看成刘琮、蒯越举荆州归降,等量齐观,影响到谋士、军师荀攸等看不出底细和密谋,一般将领更不至疑问。都乐于看到黄盖从水上来降场面。
斗舰冲击: 建安十三年(208)十一月十三日,黄盖指挥的十艘蒙冲斗舰满载燥荻枯柴,灌油其中,裹以帷幕,上建旌旗,预备走舸系于其尾。黄盖在舰上乘着东南风急,于江上举帆,各舰只顺序加快速度,向北岸急驶。曹公与吏士,皆出营立观黄盖的来降,只有谋士程昱于东风紧急中发现来舰轻而浮,判定不是运粮船只,担心会发生意外,即向曹公提出注意敌人有诈谋问题。来船距北岸将近二里时,黄盖指挥的十舰,同时发火,火烈风猛,船驶如箭,冲击曹军水寨。水寨火起,船被铁链锁着,无法拆开。火随风舞,岸上营寨也都起火,烈焰冲天,曹军陷于一片火海。南岸孙军则摇旗呐喊,擂鼓助威。
乌林战斗: 江北岸曹军水寨、岸上遭到风火船舰突然袭击,引起一阵混乱。南岸孙军也增派部队渡江,参加战斗,以图扩大战果。双方在火焰纷纷中,相互战斗。曹将张辽指挥所部精兵,击退黄盖的猛攻。徐晃也能乱中镇定,整军应战。在这曹孙二军战斗紧张剧烈间,刘备的豫州军及猛将张飞、赵云各率所部分向乌林两侧与背后猛烈攻击,刘备也亲冒矢石指挥战斗。曹公以腹背受敌孙损失惨重,乘孙刘两军尚未合之际,遗弃大量人马物质和死伤将士,撤出乌林,向华容道方向转进。
华容伏兵: 刘备乘乌林江面战起,指挥部属向乌林侧背曹军进攻,同时顾及孙刘两军钳攻。曹军失败,又可能向江陵方向转进,对通往江陵的华容道,选派精兵,巧施埋伏。并于危险路口两侧,堆集薪柴,预备火攻。曹公引兵进华容道,遇着猛雨、大风,遇到泥泞、堵塞,道不通行。派遣羸兵负草填铺,骑才得通过。羸兵为人马所蹈藉,死者满地遍野。刘军伏兵以气候关系,发火稍晚。曹公一行已出险区。及到江陵,对华容道刘军伏兵犹心有余悸的说:“刘备,吾俦也,但得计(准备和动手)稍晚,向使早放火,吾徒无类(全被消灭)矣。”虽未被全部歼灭,但南进大军损耗大半,属严重的惨败,从而结束了曹孙刘三方的赤壁之战。
后话: 赤壁战后,出现曹、刘、孙,即魏、蜀、吴鼎峙局面,即历史上的三国。这个关键性战役,曹公以绝对优势兵力(20万左右)对孙刘联合绝对劣势兵力(4---5万)。战争过程,出现政治、军事、外交等各中形式的斗争。战争结局,失败的为兵力优势的曹军,胜利的则为刘孙兵力劣势的联合部队。因赤壁之战,就成为中外人士所瞩目和关心乐道的著名战役。
三国演义》是小说,虚构成分极多,正史上草船借箭是发生在孙权与曹操的濡须之战,孙权坐船亲自去刺探曹操的军情,被曹操发现命令士兵射箭攻击,孙权的船被射歪差点沉了,他便让船掉个头让箭继续射,这样一来船就平衡了,孙权就把船开走了。孙权的聪明让曹操十分感叹,留下一句名言“生子当如孙仲谋”。此外周瑜的心胸也十分宽广,“嫉妒诸葛亮”纯粹是《三国演义》为抬高诸葛亮贬低周瑜而虚构。
诸葛亮“草船借箭”是《三国演义》中最精彩的故事之一。读了这段故事,常常使人对诸葛亮的聪明才智赞叹不已。然而,诸葛亮的一生并没有干过这件事。那么,这个故事是不是罗贯中凭空杜撰的呢?那也不是,因为他确有所本。
根据《三国志·吴书·吴主传第二》裴松之注,建安十八年(公元213年)正月,曹操与孙权对垒濡须(今安徽巢县西巢湖入长江的一段水道)。初次交战,曹军大败,于是坚守不出。一天孙权借水面有薄雾,乘轻舟从濡须口闯入曹军前沿,观察曹军部署。孙权的轻舟行进五、六里,并且鼓乐齐鸣,但曹操生性多疑,见孙军整肃威武,恐怕有诈,不敢出战,喟然叹曰:“生子当如孙仲谋,刘景升儿子若豚犬耳!”随后,曹操下令弓弩齐发,射击吴船。不一会,孙权的轻舟因一侧中箭太多,船身倾斜,有翻沉的危险。孙权下令调转船头,使另一侧再受箭。一会,箭均船平,孙军安全返航。曹操这才明白自己上当了。
由此可见,“草船借箭”的不是诸葛亮,而是孙权,并且这件事发生在赤壁之战以后五年。
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