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蓝玉,明朝初期名将,在抗击北元的大战中立下大功,但因遭到朱元璋猜忌,惨遭杀害。他之所以被称为“最惨武将”,是因为朱元璋把他处以“剥皮实草”的刑罚,还诛灭其三族,株连杀害15000多人。
一、蓝玉的崛起之路
蓝玉,是明朝洪武年间武将群体中最为卓越的后起之秀。蓝玉的姐夫,就是明朝第一猛将常遇春,蓝玉很早就跟随常遇春南征北战。虽然当时明朝名将如云,年轻的蓝玉还很不起眼,但随着第一代老将们陆续凋零殆尽,蓝玉凭借高超的军事才能,迅速成为武将中的骨干人物。

洪武十四年(1381年),蓝玉与傅友德平定云南。洪武二十年(1387年),蓝玉北征北元太尉纳哈出,大获全胜。洪武二十一年(1388年),蓝玉率领王师15万北征北元,在捕鱼儿海之战中取得重大胜利,晋升为凉国公。
二、蓝玉为何受到朱元璋猜忌
蓝玉骁勇善战,所向披靡,是难得的良将之才。但他也有许多缺陷。随着军功的增多与地位的提升,蓝玉居功自傲,逐渐变得无法无天。有一次他带兵外出打猎,深夜才返回喜峰口关卡。守卫关卡的士兵按照制度,半夜不准开城门,蓝玉居然派兵攻打喜峰口,“毁关而入”,所做作为非常过分。

蓝玉大权独揽,军中将校升迁降职,他一言而决,很少向朝廷汇报。加之他手握兵权,朱元璋对他越来越反感,担心他会尾大不掉,于是产生了除掉蓝玉之心。

三、蓝玉之死
洪武二十六年(1393年),朱元璋一手炮制了“蓝玉谋反案”,蓝玉被撤职查办,“剥皮实草”,诛杀三族,与蓝玉有关的公侯伯以至文武官员,被杀者约一万五千人。
蓝玉之死,不能简单归结于朱元璋屠戮功臣,他本人的胡作非为也有重大责任。
蓝玉的结局却很悲惨,太子朱标在日,蓝玉与太子有戚谊,尝相往来。自北征还军,语太子道:“臣观燕王在国,举动行止,与皇帝无异。又闻望气者言,燕有天子气,愿殿下先事预防,审慎一二!”太子道:“燕王事我甚恭,决无是事。”蓝玉道:“臣蒙殿下优待,所以密陈利害,但愿臣言不验,不愿臣言幸中。”太子默然。及蓝玉趋退后,未免有人闻知,传报燕王,燕王衔恨不已。及太子薨逝,燕王入朝,即奏称:“在朝公侯,纵恣不法,将来恐尾大不掉,应妥为处置”云云。这句话,虽是冠冕堂皇,暗地里却指着蓝玉,请太祖按罪严惩。蓝玉桀骜如故,一些儿不加检点,寻又出捕西番逃寇祁者孙,并擒建昌卫叛帅月鲁帖木儿,威焰愈盛,意图升爵。哪知太祖反冷眼相待,并不升赏。至皇太孙册立,乃命他兼太子太傅,别召冯胜、傅友德归朝,令兼太子太师。蓝玉抱怨道:“难道我不配做太师么?”怏怏不乐。明太祖越加疑忌。蓝玉尝私语僚友,指斥乘舆道:“他已疑我了。”此语一传,便有锦衣卫蒋瓛,密告蓝玉谋逆,与鹤庆侯张翼,普定侯陈垣,景川侯曹震,舳舻侯朱寿,东莞伯何荣,及吏都尚书詹徽,户部侍郎傅友文等,设计起事,将伺皇上出耕藉田,乘机劫驾等情。明太祖得了此信,立命锦衣卫发兵掩捕,自蓝玉以下,没一个不拿到殿前,先由明太祖亲讯,继由刑部锻炼成狱,无论是真是假,一古脑儿当作实事,遂将他一并正法,并把罪犯族属,尽行杀死。甚至捕风捉影,凡与蓝玉偶通讯问的朝臣,也难免刀头上的痛苦,因此列侯通籍,坐党夷灭,共一万五千人,所有元功宿将,几乎一网打尽。比汉高祖待功臣,还要加惨。明太祖意尚未足,过了年余,颍国公傅友德,奏请给怀远田千亩,非但不准,反将他赐死。定远侯王弼,居家叹道:“皇上春秋日高,喜怒不测,我辈恐无噍类了。”为这一语,又奉诏赐死。宋国公冯胜,在府第外筑稻场,埋甔地下,架板为廊,加以碌碡,取有鞺鞳声,走马为乐。有怨家入告明太祖,讦胜家居不法,稻场下密藏兵器,意图谋变云云。明太祖遂召胜入,赐酒食慰谕道:“卿可安心!悠悠众口,朕何至无端轻信?”言下,甚是欢颜。胜以为无虞,尽量宴饮,谁知饮毕还第,即于是夜暴病,害得七孔流血,数刻即亡。可痛可恨!
洪武二十六年(1393年)二月,一位锦衣卫指挥蒋谳指控蓝玉谋反,并在蓝玉府库内搜出近万把日制武士刀[1]之说,朱元璋立刻以“谋反罪”处死蓝玉,抄其家产,诛其三族,此案连累一万五千人被杀,史称“蓝玉案”。未久颍国公傅友德、定远侯王弼、宋国公冯胜等也在一两年内相继被杀。《国榷》洪武二十六年三月庚申条写:“会宁侯张温、都督萧用等以党诛。”至此,明初开国功臣几被杀尽,仅存汤和、耿炳文等人。朱元璋最后说:“自今胡党蓝党概赦不问。”。
蓝玉是被朱元璋以谋反罪处死的。
由于蓝玉杰出的军事指挥才能,屡受明太祖朱元璋的嘉奖和赏赐,渐渐滋长了居功骄傲、专横跋扈的恶 劣作风。正在巩固和加强中央集权的朱元璋对此深感不安,于洪武二十六年(1393)以谋反罪将 其逮捕下狱,并处死抄家,灭三族,连坐者列侯以下15000余人。
洪武二十六年(1393年)二月,一位锦衣卫指挥蒋谳指控蓝玉谋反,并在蓝玉府库内搜出近万把日制武士刀[1]之说,朱元璋立刻以“谋反罪”处死蓝玉,抄其家产,诛其三族,此案连累一万五千人被杀,史称“蓝玉案”。
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