求英语所有时态的语法

　　1. 一般现在时（主语+do）
　　用法：
　　A) 表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。
　　B) 习惯用语。
　　C) 经常性、习惯性动作。
　　例：He always helps others. （他总是帮助别人。）
　　D) 客观事实和普遍真理。尤其要注意，如果前后文不是一般现在时，则无法保持 主句、从句时态一致。
　　E) 表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，（仅限于某些表示“来、去、动 、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词 ）可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用 。常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。
　　例：The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.
　　（下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。）
　　How often does this shuttle bus run? （这班车多久一趟？）
　　F) 在时间和条件状语从句里经常用一般现在（有时也用现在完成时）表示将来事 情。
　　例：When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.（等你完成这份报告的时候，我就已经等了将近3个小时了。）

　　2. 现在进行时(be doing)
　　用法：现在正在进行的动作。

　　3. 现在完成时(have done)
　　用法：
　　A) 表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。
　　例：I bought a new house, but I _________ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.
　　A) didn't sell B) sold C) haven't sold D) would sell
　　答案是C) haven't sold。
　　B) 表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点，或for 加一段时间，或by加一个现在时间。
　　例：Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___________ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.
　　A) are to challenge C) have been challenged
　　B) may be challenged D) are challenging
　　全句的意思是：“虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物，但他的许多见解直到今天还在受到挑战，并且被现代科学家的工作所修正。”challenge是及物动词，在本句中应当是被动语态；其动作延续到今天，所以要用现在完成时态。可见答案是C) have been challenged。A) are to challenge和D) are challenging都是主动语态，不可能是答案。B) may be challenged虽然是被动语态，但意思与全句内容不合，所以不对。
　　C) 表示发生在过去，但对现在仍有影响的动作或情况。通常用点动词，如：arrive, begin, find, give, lose等。
　　例：John has broken his left leg.（约翰摔断了左腿。）
　　注意事项
　　A) 现在完成时是联系过去和现在的纽带。现在完成时和过去时的区别在于：现在完成时强调动作的动态，或受动态的影响，是动态的结果，对现在有影响；过去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作，与现在没有联系。
　　例：He worked in that hospital for 8 years.（他曾经在那家医院工作了8年。这只是讲述一个过去的事实，他现在已经不在那家医院了。）
　　He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.（他已经在那家医院里工作了8年。表示他从过去开始工作，一直工作到现在，现在仍在那家医院工作。）
　　B) 因为含有for加一段时间或since加一个时间点这样的时间状语的完成时，有动态和延续性的特点，所以不能使用终端动词或瞬间动词。
　　例：My sister has been married for 5 years.（过去分词做表语表示状态，可以延续）
　　My sister has married. Don't disturb her.（终端动词）
　　C) 在"this is the first/ second/ third…… time that……"句型里要求用完成时。
　　例：This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.（这是我公司产品第二次参加国际展览会。）
　　D) 句型"It is/ has been……since"所使用的两种时态都正确。
　　例：It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him.（从我上次见到他以来已经10年了。）
　　E) 在"no sooner than"、"hardly/ scarcely ……when"、"before"、"prior to"等句型中，主句要求完成时。
　　例：I haven't met that professor prior to today.（以前我从未见过那位教授。）

　　4. 现在完成进行时(have been doing)
　　用法：表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间，延续或重复地出现至今，或将继续延续至将来。
　　例：We have been working on this project for over a month now.（到目前为止，我们一直在处理那个项目，已经花了一个多月时间了。）
　　注意事项：与现在完成时相比，现在完成进行时更强调：在从过去到现在的时间里，动作或状态一直持续或一直反复出现。
　　例：1997年6月四级第45 题
　　It seems oil ___________ from this pipe for some time. We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right.
　　A) had leaked B) is leaking
　　C) leaked D) has been leaking
　　从本题上下文看，这两个句子的意思是：“看来，这个管道漏油已有一段时间了，我们将不得不拆卸机器排除故障。”第二句表示将要采取的措施。第一句动作发生在第二句之前，并且延续到现在为止仍在继续。因此，空格中需用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。D) has been leaking是现在完成进行时，因此是本题的答案。有11%的考生误选了B) is leaking。由于本句有时间状语for some time，表示谓语动作延续，谓语不能用现在进行时，必须用和完成时有关的时态。有些考生误选了C) leaked或A) had leaked。是因为他们没有注意到本题第二句是一般将来时，所以第一句的谓语不能用过去时或过去完成时。

　　5. 一般过去时（主语+did）
　　用法：
　　A) 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。
　　B) 表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由would/ used to do表达的句型，本身表示的 就是过去时。
　　例：The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.（老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上，看着其他的人，一坐就是数个小时，什么也不干，也不和任何人交谈。）
　　He used to visit his mother once a week.（他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。）
　　C) 有时可代替一般现在时，表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。
　　例：I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?（我想向您借车用一用，可以吗？）
　　Would you mind my sitting here?（您介意我坐在这里吗？）
　　注意事项：
　　A) 注意时间状语的搭配。一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组，如：yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等，绝对不可与recently, in the past 10 years, this month等连用，因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系，应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。
　　B) used to do的否定形式和疑问形式很特别：你怎么写都正确。以否定形式为例：used not to do, didn't used to do, didn't use to do都对。
　　Used to do经常与 be used to doing sth/ sth结构进行对比。前者表示"过去常常或过去曾经"，要求加动词原形；后者表示"习惯于"，要求加名词或动名词。

　　6. 过去完成时(had done)
　　用法：表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说的：表示"过去的过去的动作或状态"。
　　Until then, his family _________ from him for six months.
　　A) didn't hear C) hasn't heard B) hasn't been hearing D) hadn't heard
　　全句的意思是：“到那时为止，他家里已经有六个月没得到他的消息了。”由此可以看出，谓语动词的动作延续到过去的某一时刻才完成，因此谓语要用过去完成时。答案是D)。其它选项中：A) didn't hear，因为一般过去时只表示过去发生的事情或存在的状态，所以不能与时间状语for six months连用。B) hasn't been hearing，现在完成进行时表示过去某时刻继续到现在或现在还在进行的动作，与题意不符。C) hasn't heard，现在完成时表示从过去某一时刻到现在为止发生的动作。而题中的then只表示过去的某一时刻，不能表示现在时间。
　　注意事项：“过去的过去”这种逻辑关系常通过上下文体现出来，而不一定受某个时间状语的限制。
　　例：There had been some one in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.（刚才有人在我们的房间里，因为我们打开前门进来时，我注意到地板上有一支仍在燃烧的香烟。）
　　分析：虽然时间状语是just now，似乎应该使用一般过去时，但是“在房间里”这个状态是在"开门"和"注意"这两个过去的动作之前就存在的，所以应该用过去完成时。

　　7. 过去将来时(would/ should do)
　　用法：表示从过去的某个时间看将要发生的事。
　　例：I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.（我星期四说我将于第二天拜访我的朋友。）
　　注意事项：由于过去将来时是由过去时和将来时组合而成的，所以其注意事项可以参考过去时和将来时的相关注意事项。

　　8. 过去进行时(was/ were doing)
　　用法：
　　A) 表示在过去一个比较具体的时间正在发生的动作。
　　例：Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.（10分钟前，玛丽正在听轻音乐。）
　　B) 如果when, while这样的时间状语引导词所引导的主从句之一是一般过去时，则另一个句子常用过去进行时。
　　例：I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.（你敲前门时我正在洗头发。）
　　注意事项：其它与将来时有关的事项请参见下面所讲的一般将来时。

　　9. 一般将来时
　　用法：
　　A) 基本结构是will / shall do。
　　例：We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.（我们将送给她一个玻璃的手工制品，作为给她的生日礼物。）
　　B) 有些动词，如：arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等，用于一般进行时，并且通常与一个表示将来时间的时间状语连用，可以表示将来时。
　　例：My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May.（我妈妈下周将来看我，并会呆到5月。）
　　C) 表示“打算去……，要……”时，可用be going to do。
　　例：This is just what I am going to say.（这正是我想说的。）
　　D) 表示“即将、正要”时，可用be about to do。强调近期内或马上要做的事。
　　例：Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.（别担心，我马上就给你做一次仔细的检查。）
　　E) "be to do"的5种用法：
　　a) 表示“按计划、安排即将发生某事或打算做某事”。
　　例：She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.（星期一你准会在实验室见到她。）
　　b) 该做或不该做的事情（语气上接近于should, must, ought to, have to），表示一种命令、规劝性语气。
　　例：You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.（孩子们，你们必须 上床睡觉，不准吵闹。我们的客人5分钟之内就要到了。）
　　c) 能或不能发生的事情（接近can, may）
　　例：How am I to pay such a debt?（我怎么可能还得起这么大的一笔债呢？）
　　d) 不可避免将要发生的事情，后来将要发生的事情。
　　例：I assure you that the matter _______ as quickly as possible. Have a little patience.
　　A. will be attended B. will be attended to
　　C. is attended D. is attended to
　　will be attended to关键的一点是：attend表示“处理，解决”时是不及物动词，必须与to连用。另外，从上下文看，事情显然尚未解决，所以应该用将来时的被动语态。答案是B。
　　e) 用于条件从句“如果……想，设想”（接近if ……want to,或if ……should）
　　例：Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ____________ avoided.
　　A) is to be B) can be C) will be D) has been
　　答案是A) is to be。全句的意思是：“如果要避免食品短缺，就必须作出更大努力来增加农业产量。”
　　F) 同样可以表示“正要、将要”的意思的句型是be on the point of doing。
　　例：The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points.（教练想要放弃这场比赛了，因为对方已经射进了7个球。）
　　例：1999年6月四级第65题
　　I was _______ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.
　　A) in B) to C) at D) on
　　答案是D)。on the point of doing 是固定词组，意思是“正要、打算”。全句的意思是：“当他的信到的时候我正要打电话给他。”
　　注意事项：
　　在以if, when, as long as, as soon as, after, before, in case, until, unless等连词以及具有连词作用的副词（immediately, the moment, directly）等引导的状语从句，一般用现在时代替将来时。强调延续性或动态时，可用完成时。
　　例：I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year.（我希望到明年你回来的时候，他的身体已经好多了。）
10. 将来进行时(will be doing)
　　用法：强调在将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或事情。
　　例：Don't worry, you won't miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.（别担心，你不会认不出她的。她到时会穿一件红色的T恤衫和一条白色的短裙。）
　　注意事项：由于本时态是由将来时和进行时融合在一起的，所以关于本时态的注意事项，可参考"一般将来时"和"现在进行时"的有关注意事项。

　　11. 将来完成时(will have done)
　　用法：表示从将来的某一时间开始、延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态，或是发生在某个将来时间，但对其后的另一个将来时间有影响的动作或状态。就好象把现在完成时平移到时间轴的将来时时段一样。其用法从和过去及现在有关，变成了和将来及将来的将来有关。
　　例：1997年1月四级第22题
　　The conference __________ a full week by the time it ends.
　　A) must have lasted B) will have lasted
　　C) would last D) has lasted
　　本题考核谓语动词的时态。全句的意思是：“会议从开始到结束将持续整整一个星期。”句中by the time it ends表示动作要延续到将来某一时刻，因此要用将来完成时。答案是B) will have lasted。如果选A)，因为情态动词must后面接动词不定式的完成时形式表示对已经发生的事情的一种肯定推测，而本句的时间状语是by the time it ends而非by the time it ended，所以犯了时态不呼应的错误。Would虽可以表示推测或可能性，但would last不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作，所以C) would last错误。因为D) has lasted是现在完成时，表示到现在为止已经完成的动作，不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作，所以也不正确。
　　注意事项：由于本时态是由将来时和完成时融合在一起的，所以关于本时态的注意事项，可以参考“一般将来时”和“现在完成时”的有关注意事项。

　　12)将来完成进行时：shall have been doing ，will have been doing
　　例：By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years. （到下个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。）（被动语态）

　　13)过去完成进行时：had been doing
　　例：The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.（我回到家之前，我10岁大的儿子已经把这个旧钟表拆卸并重新组装了好几回了。）（此处强调“拆卸”和“组装”这两个过去的过去的动作一直在反复进行。）（被动语态）
14) 过去将来进行时：should be doing , would be doing
　　例：The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.（政府承诺说第二年7月将有一条新的高速公路正在修建。）（此句的时间状语是具体的将来时间，所以最好用将来进行时。）（此句为被动语态）

　　15) 过去将来完成时：should have done , would have done
　　例：I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.（我坚信到那年年底为止，那个软件的新版本将被开发出来。但是我错了。）（此句为被动语态）

　　16) 过去将来完成进行时：should have been doing , would have been doing
　　例：They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years. （他们说到第二个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。）

1. 现在一般时与现在完成时
1) I come from Shanghai(上海人）
I have come from Shanghai（从上海来）
2) You read very well. (强调能力）
You've read very well. （强调一次刚完成的动作）
3) I forget.(一时想不起来了）
I have forgotten.（仍没想起来，可能已回忆起来了）
4) The book is written in simple English. (表状态）
The book has been written in simple English.（表动态，已用英语写成）
5) Every time I see him, he's been reading. （两个动作不可能同时进行）Every time I have seen him, he's been reading. (强调两个动作同时进行）
6) He is gone. (强调状态）He has gone （强调动作和时间）
7) He won't come till the play begins. (演出开始时）
He won't come till the play has begun.（戏已开始）
8) After I leave school, I'll go to college. （两个动作紧密相接）
After I have left school, I'll go to college.（强调毕业后，两个动作可能有间隔）
9) It is a long time since I saw you last. It's been a long time since I saw you last.(这两句话一样，后一句是美国英语）
10) Where are you? (在哪）Where have you been?(去了哪）

2. 现在一般时与现在进行时
1) He works hard.（强调始终如一）He is working hard.（强调现在）
2) What do you do? (干什么工作的）What are you doing?（在干什么）
3) Here comes the bus! (表高兴和欣慰）
The bus is coming.（汽车到来的情景）
4) I forget him name. I'm forgetting his name.(差点把他的名字忘了）
5) You don't eat much. (强调胃口不大）
You're not eating much.（你怎么不吃呀）
6) The match starts at 7 o'clock. (比较固定，不宜改变）
The match is starting at 7 o'clock.（可以改变）
7) Tom always comes late. Tom is always coming late.(表示不满，责备）
8)Tom goes to college now.
Tom is going to college now.(这两句区别不大，后者更生动）
9） I tell you.（我可以告诉你）
I'm telling you.(我告诉你吧，有感情色彩）
10) He always sleeps in the afternoon.
He is always sleeping in the afternoon.(后者意味着整个下午都睡掉了）
11) I expect you to phone me. ( 几乎等于命令）
I'm expecting you to phone me.（婉转）
12) What do you say? What are you saying?(你说些什么呀，表说话人惊讶，不满）
12) I find that the book is too difficult for me.(强调结果） I'm finding that the book is too difficult for me. (强调过程，逐渐感到）
13) Apples cost more these days.(强调事实)
Apples are costing more these days.(越来越贵)
14) He always thinks of others.
He's always thinking of others.(表示赞扬)
15) Whenever I see him, he argues with somebody.(强调两个动作有先后) Whenever I see him, he is arguing with somebody.(强调两个动作同时进行)
16) I hope you'll give us some advice.
I'm hoping you'll give us some advice.(表示语气婉转)
17) I must go. (我应该去)I must be going.(我该走了)
18) We can discuss this while we eat.(说话是没用餐)
We can discuss this while we are eating.(进餐已开始)

3. 现在完成时与过去一般时
1) I've seen him this morning.(还在上午的时间里)
I saw him this morning.(时间已不在上午了)
2) Who's opened the window? (窗户还在开着)
Who opened the window? (与现在无关,窗户可能已关上)
3) Have you ever heard him sing? (他可能不是爱唱歌)
Did you ever hear him sing?(你曾听过他唱歌吗,他可能是歌唱家)
4) Have you ever heard of such a thing? (你听过这种事吗)
Did you ever hear of such a thing?(这种事, 你听说过吗? 是一个修辞性问题，表示惊异。)
5) What have I done to make you so angry? (对方仍生气）
What did I do to make you so angry? （暗示某一过去的时间，可能对方已不生气了。）
6) How has he done it? (他这活干的怎么样？强调结果）
How did he do it?（他是怎么干这活的？强调干活的方式）
7) He has lived in New York for eight years. (他仍在纽约）
He lived in New York for eight years.（他可能不在人世了）
8) He has been called a thinker.
He was called a thinker.(他曾被誉为思想家）
9) You've heard what I said. (你听见我的话了）
You heard what I said.（你是听见我的话的，口气严厉，具有感情色彩。）
10) I've lost my pen. (笔还没找到）I lost my pen.（笔可能找到了）
11) He has already been there. (曾去过哪）
He was already there.（当时在哪）
12) Since I have been ill, my friend has visited me every day.（生病还在延续）Since I was ill, my friend has visited me every day. (病已好了）
13) Have you slept well? (暗示疲倦了，休息后是否好些了）
Did you sleep well?（暗示睡的是否舒服，满意）

4. 过去完成时与过去一般时
1) I came here after I finished middle school.(两个动作每间隔)
I came here after I had finished middle school.(两个动作有间隔,强调先后概念)
2) I waited till I saw him.
I waited till I had seen him. (这两个句子差不多,过去完成时更普遍)
3) We hoped he would come.(我们希望他来)
We had hoped he would come.(我们本希望他来的)
4) I don't think he sang as well as he once did.(指具体一次)
I don't think he sang as well as he had once done.(泛指以前,现在可能不唱了)
5) Before I came here, I was a soldier.(我来此以前在当兵)
Before I came here, I had been a soldier.(我来此以前,曾当过兵)
6) Jim said he didn't know he was so strong.(表示Jim在说话时仍很结实) Jim said he didn't know he had been so strong.(表示在Jim说话之前曾结实过)
7) They were friends from many years.(表示现在还是朋友)
They had been friends for many years.(意味这友谊结束了)
8) He did the work at 6.(强调时间)
He had done the work at 6. (6点工作已做完)
9) I learned French during my holiday.(强调学了)
I had learned French during my holiday. (强调学会了)
10) When she sang she sat down.(表示唱着坐下)
When she had sung she sat down.(表示唱完坐下)
11) I went to bed when I did my homework.(不明确)
I went to bed when I had done my homework.(作业做完)
12) I have lived here since I was a child.(从我长大成人)
I have lived here since I had a child.(从我孩提时)

5. 过去进行时与过去一般时
1) I read a book yesterday. (书已看完)
I was reading a book yesterday.(书尚未看完)
2) The guests arrived.(客人已到)
The guests were arriving.(客人陆续到达)
3) He woke from a dream. (表示全醒)
He was waking from a dream.(表示初醒)
4) The old man died.(已死) The old man was dying.(要死)
5) John told me about it.(告诉我了,我都知道了)
John was telling me about it.(跟我谈起过,我想了解更多的事情)
6) They persuaded me to go along with them.(已经说服)
They were persuading me to go along with them.(还在劝说)
7) The wind blew hard all night.(强调事实)
The wind was blowing hard all night.(强调风刮个不停)
8) I expected you. I was expecting you.(客气,表示可能等了很旧了)
9) He knocked at the door.(强调一次性)
He was knocking at the door.(强调多次性)

6. 将来一般时与现在进行时
1) Will he come? Is he coming?(时间发生的比较近)
2) How long will you stay hear? (表示意愿)
How long will you stay here?(表示打算)
3) She'll have a baby. (表示肯定)
She's going to have a baby.(表示推测,计划)
4) I'll see him this evening.(表示意愿)
I'm seeing him this evening.(表示打算,已有安排)

7. 现在一般时与过去一般式
1) Do you wish to see me?
Did you wish to see me?(表示婉转客气)
2) That's all I have to say.(我的话就这些)
That's all I had to say.(我要说的就这些)
3) How do you like the film? (看电影过程中)
How did you like the film?(看完电影后)
4) It is nice to see you.(见面时说)
It was so nice to see you.(离别时说)
5) I never like him. (没时间性)
I never liked him.(从来没喜欢过)
6) I think I know that voice.(没见客人时)
I thought I know that voice.(见到客人时,证明自己正确或错误)
7) Who is that? (哪人还在)
Who was that?(人已不在场了)
8) This cake is made at home. (家里常做这种蛋糕)
This cake was made at home.(这种蛋糕是自家做的)

8.现在完成时与现在完成进行时
1) Someone has phoned you.(打了电话)
Someone has been phoning you.(一直在打电话)
2) I've read the novel.(已读完)
I've been reading the novel.(还没读完)
3) He has lived here for six weeks.
e has been living here for six weeks. (区别不大,后者更口语化)
4) Have you met her lately?
Have you been meeting her lately?(强调动作的重复,经常见面)
5) Who's eaten my apples? ( 苹果没有了)
Who's been eating my apples?(有感情色彩,表示愤怒不满)

9.现在一般时与过去完成时
1) I hope that he'll come.
I had hoped he would come.(与事实相反)(经常这样用的词有:expect, think, intend, mean, suppose)

答：
英语中有16种时态。很好记，4X4=16.
就是4种时间X4种状态=16种时态。
这4种时间是：现在、过去、将来和过去将来。
这4种状态是：一般、进行、完成和完成进行。
以do为例，给你列个表格：

时间X状态 一般 进行 完成 完成进行
现在 does/ do am/is/are doing has/have done has/have been doing
过去 did was/were doing had done had been doing
将来 shall/will do shall/will be doing shall/will have done shall/will have been doing
过去将来：would do would be doing would have done would have been doing

至于它们的用法，网上有详细的解说，有例句，自己去看。也有TX为你准备好了。那都是网上copy来的。

be doing 为进行时或将来最肯定要做的

be going to do是将来的肯定不如be doing只能表将来

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