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胶东地区是我国重要的金矿集中成矿区,在这块占全国总面积0.17%的土地上已探明的黄金资源储量约占全国的1/4。前人对胶东金矿的研究很多,已发表和出版了大量的专著、论文及报告,研究内容涉及成矿时代、成矿条件、矿床特征、控矿因素、成矿物质来源、找矿方法、成矿模式和预测等,较全面地反映了胶东金矿的地质特征与成矿模式。
此外,胶东地区还分布有铜、钼、铅锌、银等有色金属矿产,但已发表的前人研究成果仅限于个例。目前,针对胶东地区有色金属矿成矿作用的综合研究,以及对金矿与有色金属矿产成因联系的研究则很少。
胶东地区的金矿与有色金属矿在矿床成因上具有密切的时空联系。在时间上,胶东地区多数有色金属矿的成矿时代为早白垩世(王奎峰,2008;李建威等,2010),与胶东中部规模最大的乳山金矿(即金青顶金矿)的成矿时代(117Ma±3Ma)(胡芳芳等,2004)接近,与胶西北金矿的主成矿时代(125~115Ma)(骆万成等,1987;张振海等,1994;李厚民等,2003;宋明春等,2003)也相近,与之对应的胶东东部规模最大的中生代花岗岩——伟德山花岗岩,其主成岩时代为127~105Ma(宋明春等,2003)。在空间上,金矿主要分布在胶西北(莱州、招远)、栖(霞)—蓬(莱)—福(山),以及胶东中部的牟(平)—乳(山)地区;钼、铜、铅锌等有色金属矿主要分布在胶东中东部的栖霞、福山、蓬莱、龙口、荣成、威海环翠区等地区。胶东有色金属矿床的空间分布与伟德山花岗岩紧密相关,从矿床产出位置看,铜矿主要产出于伟德山花岗岩外接触带的荆山群层间构造中或接触带附近,铅锌矿主要分布于伟德山花岗岩与围岩接触带附近,钼矿则产出于伟德山花岗岩中或边缘部位。由此分析,胶东地区的钼、铜、铅锌矿构成了一个与伟德山花岗岩有成因联系的成矿系列,这一成矿系列的成矿年龄与胶东金矿集中爆发成矿的时代一致。
因此,作者对胶东地区的金、钼、铜、铅锌矿成矿作用和成矿模式进行研究,深入探讨不同矿种之间的成因联系,以及胶东地区中生代金矿及有色金属矿大规模的成矿作用与成矿模式,为进一步的找矿勘查提供理论基础。
近年来,虽然胶东地区深部金矿勘查取得了重大成果,对金矿的研究程度不断深入,但对于金矿床大规模集中爆发成矿的“热源”和成矿物质来源问题尚无统一认识。以往研究表明,胶东地区的多数金矿直接产于玲珑花岗岩和郭家岭花岗岩及胶东岩群中,因此认为金的成因与它们有关,分别提出了胶东金矿为绿岩带型、混合岩化岩浆重熔型、岩浆期后热液型等理论。但玲珑花岗岩(160~140Ma)(苗来成等,1998)和郭家岭花岗岩(主成岩年龄130~126Ma)(Wang et al.,1998;罗镇宽等,2002)的形成时代均早于金矿大规模成矿时间(125~110Ma)(宋明春等,2010b)。有研究表明,单一岩浆侵入引起的热液活动最长时间小于1Ma(Cathles et al.,1997),玲珑花岗岩和郭家岭花岗岩导致的热液活动不可能持续几百万年。因此,根据伟德山花岗岩的形成时代(主成岩年龄127~105Ma)与金矿形成时代一致,部分学者认为伟德山花岗岩为金的成矿提供了“充足、持续”的能量(宋明春等,2010b)。
伟德山花岗岩主要分布在胶东中东部,与钼、铜、铅锌、银等有色金属矿成矿关系密切,由于在胶西北金矿密集区出露较少,因此前人对其与金矿成矿的关系研究较少。本书从地球化学角度研究了金矿成因与伟德山花岗岩之间的关系,同时将胶东地区的金、钼、铜、铅锌等有色金属矿作为一个有机联系的整体进行深入的研究,为重新认识胶东地区中生代有色金属的成矿作用提供新的思路。此外,胶东地区的钼、铜、铅锌矿与金矿大规模成矿时代一致,本书将有色金属成矿作用与金成矿作用进行对比研究,认为与金成矿同时代的伟德山花岗岩为金的成矿提供了部分成矿物质,深化了对胶东地区金的成矿理论的认识。本书还建立了金-钼-铜-铅锌矿成矿模式,对进一步指导该区有色金属找矿和成矿预测具有重要的实际意义,也深化了对胶东金矿成矿作用的认识。
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