怎样培育适合丝瓜靠接育苗用的丝瓜苗和砧木苗?

2025年04月04日 04:03
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(1)准备育苗床用低畦育苗,畦面宽1.2~1.5米。先筑畦埂,畦埂要踩紧。整平畦底后,将育苗土均匀填入畦内,搂平并轻踩一遍,最后浇透水,等待播种。浇水时,在水内溶入少量的高锰酸钾,对育苗土作进一步的消毒处理,预防苗期病害。(2)种子处理①丝瓜种子处理 用盐水精选种子,淘汰掉瘪种和有残缺的种子。
用1000倍的高锰酸钾溶液或10%的磷酸三钠溶液浸种30分钟,浸种后用清水反复冲洗种子,直到药味比较淡时或水变清时为止。灭菌后用30℃左右的温水浸种6~8小时。捞出种子,用干布擦吸掉种皮的水珠后,用事先经热水烫过的湿布包好种子,或把种子放入一布袋内,进行催芽。催芽的适宜温度为28~30℃,当大多数种子吐芽后开始播种。催芽期间每12小时左右用温清水淘洗一遍种子,洗去种子表面上的黏液,淘洗结束后,擦干种皮上的水继续催芽。
②黑籽南瓜种子处理 浸种前先用100微升/升的赤霉素浸种2~3小时,再用温水浸种4~5小时;或用0.3%的过氧化氢(也叫双氧水)溶液代替温水,浸种8小时,捞出种子晾晒18小时,待种子上残留的过氧化氢挥发的差不多时再进行催芽。种子催芽期间的温度保持在32℃左右为宜。从浸种开始到种子出芽,温度条件适宜时,一般需要48~50小时。当约80%的种子出芽后开始播种。(3)播种①播种期确定 一般温室丝瓜从播种到果实采收约需要80天左右的时间,故冬春茬温室丝瓜的适宜播种时间应安排在9月中下旬,将收瓜高峰期安排于元旦至春季一段时间里。靠接法要求先播种丝瓜,3~5天后再播种黑籽南瓜。
②播种方法和技术 丝瓜和黑籽南瓜的种子均比较大,适合点播,人员和时间充足时要求逐粒点播,适宜的种子间距为2~3厘米。种子要平放,芽尖朝下。播前浇足底水,并在湿泞的床面上均匀撒盖一层干育苗土,水洇上后播种。播后均匀覆盖1.5厘米左右厚的育苗土,并用地膜将床面覆盖严实。(4)嫁接前苗床管理①温度管理 丝瓜要求高温,适宜的出苗温度为28~32℃。在正常天气条件下,播种后3天即可出苗。约半数种子出苗后,降低温度,白天25℃左右,夜间15℃左右。丝瓜苗期性喜通风,应加强苗床的通风管理,只要苗床外的温度不底于15℃,应昼夜大通风,使苗健壮。
黑籽南瓜种子发芽期长,要求高温,适宜的温度范围为28~35℃,温度不足时,发芽时间推迟。黑籽南瓜苗生长比较快,出苗后应及时降低苗床温度,白天温度25℃左右,夜间12℃左右。温度过高时,瓜苗生长速度加快,苗茎内容易形成大的空腔,不利于嫁接。
②浇水管理 播种前浇足底水后,出苗期不再浇水,出苗后根据瓜苗的表现情况以及苗床土壤的干湿程度适当少量喷水,不要浇大水。
③光照管理 出苗后要尽量保持苗床内长时间的充足光照,光照不足时,瓜苗茎细嫩、叶小而薄,不利于嫁接,嫁接苗的成活率和壮苗率也比较低。如果遭遇连阴天,应当用日光灯补充光照,保证每天的光照时间10小时以上。
④药剂防病 苗床揭掉地膜后,用1000倍高锰酸钾溶液或50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂500倍液轻浇瓜苗基部一次,7~10天后再浇一次。
⑤去种壳 对顶着种壳出土的“带帽苗”,要在幼苗刚出土后,趁种壳尚软时,用一短棍轻轻挑掉种壳。

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