钙、镁、硫肥在蔬菜栽培中有何重要意义?

2025年03月24日 07:57
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钙、镁、硫三种营养成分虽然是植物生长发育所必须的,但由于在土壤中含量较为丰富,所以在大田作物栽培时往往不作为肥料,而只在酸性土壤改良时作为土壤改良剂应用。对于蔬菜作物来说,钙、镁、硫的营养有格外重要的意义。大多数蔬菜作物是喜钙作物,钙的吸收量比大田作物多,以番茄为例,每亩番茄从土壤中吸收钙量达17.6千克,而禾本科大田作物只吸收0.12千克。番茄植株体内氮和钙的比例为100:131,而禾本科大田作物为100:21,即使是叶菜类的甘蓝和大白菜,它们的吸钙量也要比大田作物多,其氮、钙比例在100:83~94左右。蔬菜中果菜类番茄、茄子,黄瓜等对镁的需要量大,特别在果实膨大期对镁的需要量多,供镁不足则影响其产量。硫则是为某些香辛类蔬菜所特需,大蒜供硫不足时,大蒜素数量减少,会明显降低品质。随着人民生活水平的提高,对蔬菜中矿物质含量和蔬菜品质的要求越来越高,对蔬菜作物补充钙、镁、硫营养更为重要。

菜地施肥量高,氮、磷、钾多时对钙、镁的吸收有一定的拮抗作用,如氮用量过多时会造成钙、镁阳离子的淋失,磷用量过多则会造成钙、镁的固定,钾用量过多时,使土壤中钙、钾比和镁、钾比不协调,造成生理性缺钙或缺镁。而近年来高浓度的磷酸二铵肥料大量使用,代替了普钙,使土壤失去了重要的硫素补给来源。这些因素都使菜地补充钙、镁、硫肥的问题突出起来。过去曾认为只有南方酸性土壤需要施用钙、镁、硫肥,北方石灰性土壤钙、镁含量较多而不需补充,现在北方地区不少菜地施用钙、镁、硫肥获得很好的增产效果,应该引起重视。

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