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1627年,17岁的明朝崇祯皇帝朱由检被指定继承皇位。当这个烂摊子被收拾的时候,整个明朝就像一艘航行在大洋中的船,千疮百孔,其形必倾覆。崇祯皇帝天天吃夜行衣,日夜审奏章,管理国事,节俭自律,不喜女人。虽然他每天都生活在辛劳、恐惧、痛苦、烦躁和焦虑中,却无法阻止到处漏水。
崇祯皇帝在登基初期,为了节省国库开支,下令大幅度废除边关和官税。为了减少宫中的开支,他把宫中存放的万历年间的一级辽宁人参卖到市场上补贴国家使用。同时,他还经常派人到宫外向百姓购买商品,详细询问价格。崇祯皇帝自己的衣服破了也舍不得换,以至于有一天在听一个讲官书的时候,内裤的袖子都磨破了,不堪入目,不得不时不时塞进去遮一下。就是这样一个节俭的皇帝,他私存在帝国银行的钱数却惊人。
申年正月,李自成在西安建立农民政权,百万高手攻占平阳、太原,进京。惊恐万分的崇祯皇帝特意召见吴三桂的父亲吴襄等兵部权贵,商议吴三桂入关事宜。吴襄给崇祯皇帝算了一笔账:如果调吴三桂镇守北京,需要一百万两银子,国库账上却只有四十万两银子。对此,大臣们反复求情,希望崇祯皇帝拿出自己的钦差钱来支付军队。帝国国库,也叫帝国金库,说白了就是皇帝的私房钱。对于一向节俭小气的崇祯来说,拿自己的私房钱去做生意,无异于剜了他的傲气。他向他的大臣们哭诉道:“国内的资金已经用光了。”左帝国总督李邦华见国家危在旦夕,皇帝对身外之物如此吝啬,比崇祯还着急,满不在乎地说了一句不好听的话:“皮之不存,毛将焉附?”崇祯皇帝听后泪流满面,说:“今天我已经跟老师说了,我有麻烦了。”皇帝的老儿泪流满面。部长们有什么要说的?
资金缺口无处弥补,再搜人头也来不及了,也没有足够的场地和官员来执行。崇祯皇帝无计可施,只好让大臣们筹钱。
皇帝的老儿不肯为自己的国家出钱,那些早就想给自己留条后路的大臣自然不肯干。崇祯虽然像守财奴一样吝啬,但脑子不笨。他知道凡事先难后易,很容易有人先以身作则。于是,他派太监去通知周皇后的父亲嘉定人隗,要他捐10万两银子以作表率。没想到周奎看到女婿会一蹶不振,不肯伸出援手。她只是不停地哭,坚持说她没有。最后,许高实在看不下去了,愤然起身,说:“老皇族小气得让朝廷措手不及,根本不可能有什么大事。就算是广存多产,以后又有什么用呢?”周奎没办法,只好答应勒紧裤腰带捐一万二。崇祯皇帝觉得太少,让他拿出两万。周奎不敢再讨价还价,偷偷去宫里找女儿帮忙。皇后答应帮他出5200元,并劝他尽量满足崇祯皇帝要求的数额。
但就是崇祯“私钱”的那五千两银子。周奎还浑水摸鱼,拔鹅,只拿出其中的3200来捐,净赚2000。皇帝公公捐了,别人不出钱真的不合理。担任了多年首辅的魏造德,家里钱财万贯,只拿了五百两银子。然而,与这些抱怨和假装贫穷的老部长们形成鲜明对比的是,有一位60多岁的老人住在张德门外。他不愿屈从于大顺政权,将一生的收入四百两白银全部捐给朝廷,作为军饷。崇祯皇帝听了喜出望外,名存实亡地给了老人“千户御衣”的封号。可怜老人的“金衣千户”只起了一天作用。第二天,崇祯皇帝披头散发,赤着脚在景山公园上吊自杀,大明江山宣布易主。
李自成攻陷北京后,崇祯皇帝宫里发现了多少银子?
以工部外交部长官衔管理街神库的赵在《甲申纪事》一书中说:“盗贼带到陕西的金银元宝,都有历年的牌子。听说万历八年后,国库里的银子一直没动过。还有3000多万银,150万金。”神库是工部开采白银的收入仓库,主要供朝廷使用。赵的说法应该是可信的。至于捐了一分钱的方丈周逵,很心痛。破城后,农民军从其家中搜出多达53.2万现金,果然应了太监徐的那句话“多产则利”。
为了省下一百万银子,赔上三千多万甚至万李江山都是简单的一笔账,无法估价。而从小聪明好学的崇祯皇帝,直到去世也没有清楚的认识到这一点。就在明朝灭亡的那年年初,崇祯皇帝召见内阁大臣时,哀叹道:“我不是亡国之君,你们都是亡国之臣。我还没瘦到不能做学问。时至今日,大臣为何不相随?”这个问题可能有很多答案,但他对待私房钱的态度绝对是其中之一。
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