在古代，塔克拉玛干沙漠曾经有过哪些文明？哪些文明又是如何产生的？
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塔克拉玛干有着辉煌的历史文化，古丝绸之路途经了塔克拉玛干的整个南端，许多考古资料说明，沙漠腹地静默着诸多的曾经有过的繁荣。在和田河流域、尼雅河流域、克里雅河流域和安迪尔流域，西域三十六国之一的精绝国、磖弥国和覩货逻国的古城遗址至今鲜为人至或鲜为人知，在和田河畔的红白山上唐代修建的古戍堡雄姿依存，远古时候曾为一处杀戮战场。行走塔克拉玛干有必要了解古丝绸之路文化，为什么一系列的故国遗址今天大多远离人类社会沉默于没有生命的大漠中，这就是一个与自然环境及环境保护密切联系的话题。 最有名的当属楼兰文明 历史上，楼兰是西汉时西域三十六国之一。张骞通西域后，楼兰成为东西方交通的重要孔道。魏晋之时，西域长史驻楼兰城，使之成为西域政治、军事、经济、文化中心。古丝绸之路南、北两道早些时候就从楼兰分道。楼兰城作为亚洲腹部的交通枢纽城镇，在东西方文化交流中曾起过重要作用。汉朝、匈奴和周围一些游牧民族国家经常为争夺楼兰进行大规模战争。 楼兰被人们称为“一块紧张的世界史的纪念碑”。曾盛极一时的西域重镇在公元3世纪后迅速地悄然退出历史舞台，直到一千七百年后的今天，还保持着她“谢幕”时的姿态，令人恍忽觉得历史就发生在昨天，这一切至今还是个没有真正揭开的谜底。到了唐代，“楼兰”就几乎成了边远的代名词。李白的《塞下曲》中就有“愿将腰下剑，直为斩楼兰。”的诗句。 楼兰王国的历史还远不是一个楼兰古城所能揭开的。根据孔雀河故道下游太阳墓地和小河 5号墓地出土的干尸，考古专家向人们揭示了楼兰的历史：上溯4000年左右的一段时期，楼兰地区生活着一支以游牧为生的金发碧眼的原始欧洲人种，他们留下几具干尸，就神秘地走了。 其后的2000多年，楼兰找不到一丝痕迹，史书中也没有半点墨迹。汉一晋时期，楼兰地区出现了蒙古人。这时的楼兰演绎出农业文明，并以其在丝绸之路上的重要地理位置，传递着东西方文明。而在晋代之后的1500年，楼兰再次消失得无影无踪，直到100年前，人们才在塔克拉玛干沙漠的东缘，偶然看见了楼兰残破的城墙和佛塔。 有的学者认为：斯文·赫定发现的这个楼兰古城既不是早期楼兰王国的都城，更不是楼兰改国名为鄯善后的国都（扌于）泥城，因为楼兰古城碳 14测定的年代不早于东汉。斯坦因在黄文弼发现的土垠遗址西南不远处发现了一座汉代古城（编号LE城），新疆考古研究所称其“方城”，位于罗布泊北岸之西，铁板河末流的河网地带，“方城”距离楼兰古城24公里，北京大学林梅村教授认为这是早期的楼兰都城。
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