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作用原理:通过围岩内部的锚杆改变围岩本身的力学状态,在巷道周围形成一个整体而又稳定的岩石带,利用锚杆与围岩共同作用,达到维护巷道稳定的目的。
锚杆支护用金属件、木件、聚合物件或其他材料制成杆柱,打入地表岩体或硐室周围岩体预先钻好的孔中,利用其头部、杆体的特殊构造和尾部托板,或依赖于黏结作用将围岩与稳定岩体结合在一起而产生悬吊效果、组合梁效果、补强效果,以达到支护的目的。

扩展资料
1、锚杆支护具有成本低、支护效果好、操作简便、使用灵活、占用施工净空少等优点。
2、锚杆的力学作用主要有悬吊作用 、组合梁作用 、 组合拱作用、减跨作用 、加固作用。
组合梁理论认为巷道顶板中存在着若干分层的层状顶板,可看作是由巷道两帮作为支点的一种梁,这种岩梁支承其上部的岩层载荷。使用锚杆将各层“装订”成一个整体的组合梁,防止岩石沿层面滑动,避免各岩层出现离层现象。
参考资料来源:百度百科-锚杆支护
1、在层状岩层中,锚杆将下部不稳定岩层悬掉在上部稳固岩层上。锚杆所受拉力来自被悬掉岩层。2、在没有稳固岩层的薄岩层中,安心装锚杆后,锚杆的夹紧力就会使层面间摩擦力增大,这种摩擦力可以阻止岩石沿层面继续滑动,从而将数个薄岩层通过锚杆锁紧成一个较厚的岩层。这种厚岩梁内的最大弯曲应力和应变与梁的厚度的平方成反比,集成的岩梁越厚,最大弯曲应力和应变就越小。同时,锚杆本身的强度也增加了梁的整体抗剪能力。3、锚杆组合拱原理,在供形巷道围岩的破裂区中安装预应力锚杆时,在杆体两端将形成圆椎体形式分布的压应力。若沿顶板布置锚杆群,各个锚杆形成的压应力圆椎体将交错重叠,形成一个防止破裂区扩散的承压拱,这个供可以承受其上部破碎岩石施加的径向载荷。沿锚杆轴向的预紧力在组合拱中产生环向应力,从而明显地改善了承压拱应力状态,使围岩状态由单轴、双轴变为三轴受压。这样在围岩中形成一个均匀压缩的连续承区,从而大大提高组合拱的承载能力。
锚杆支护原理:1、悬吊作用,此理论认为将较软弱岩层悬吊在上部稳定岩层上,以增强较弱岩层稳定性。2、组合梁作用,此理论认为一方面锚杆的锚固力增加了各岩层的接触压力,避免各岩层见出现离层现象,另一方面增加了岩层的抗剪强度,阻止岩层间的水平错动。3、组合拱理论、此理论认为在弹性体上安装具有预应力的锚杆,能形成以锚头和紧固端为顶点的锥形压缩区,形成挤压加固拱。4、最大水平应力理论、此理论认为,矿井岩层的水平应力通常大于垂直应力,水平应力具有明显的方向性,最大水平应力一般为最小水平应力的1.5~2.5倍,因此锚杆锚杆起到约束离层和抑制岩层膨胀的作用。
锚杆支护是在边坡、岩土深基坑等地表工程及隧道、采场等地下硐室施工中采用的一种加固支护方式。
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