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杨柳枝词九首
作者:刘禹锡
一
塞北《梅花》羌笛吹1,淮南桂树小山词2。
请君莫奏前朝曲,听唱新翻《杨柳枝》3。
二
南陌东城春早时,相逢何处不依依?
桃红李白皆夸好,须得垂杨相发挥。
三
凤阙轻遮翡翠帏,龙池遥望麴尘丝4。
御沟春水相晖映,狂杀长安少年儿5。
四
金谷园中莺乱飞6,铜驼陌上好风吹7。
城东桃李须臾尽,争似垂杨无限时?
五
花萼楼前初种时8,美人楼上斗腰支。
如今抛掷长街里,露叶如啼欲恨谁?
六
炀帝行宫汴水滨9,数株残柳不胜春。
晚来风起花如雪,飞入宫墙不见人。
七
御陌青门拂地垂10,千条金缕万条丝。
如今绾作同心结,将赠行人知不知?
八
城外春风吹酒旗,行人挥袂日西时。
长安陌上无穷树,唯有垂杨管别离。
九
轻盈袅娜占年华,舞榭妆楼处处遮。
春尽絮飞留不得,随风好去落谁家?
全部注释
1.半轮秋:半圆的秋月。
2.平羌:即平羌江,又名青衣江,在峨眉山东北,自宝兴经芦山、雅安、洪雅、夹江,到乐山与大渡河汇流入岷江。本诗所指当在乐西北、峨眉县东一段。
3.清溪:应在平羌江边。过去说是犍为的青溪驿,或说在纳溪县西。君:指峨眉山月。
4.渝州:今重庆市为唐代渝州治所。
评析
此组《杨柳枝词》共九首,当为刘禹锡晚年所作。旧说是刘禹锡在唐文宗大和六至八年(832~834)在苏州时所作。然据诗意,皆言长安、洛阳风物,恐非苏州之作。这组诗的风格已不似在湘沅、巴渝时期所作《踏歌词》、《竹枝词》那样具有浓郁的民歌风味了。虽仍标民歌题目,但其中已有较多文人诗的味道。这说明民歌到文人手中后,逐渐"雅化"的普遍规律。清人王士祯在《诗友诗传录》中曾指出《竹枝词》与《杨柳枝词》的区别:"《竹枝》泛咏风土,《柳枝》专咏杨柳,此其异也"。的确,《竹枝词》组诗每首随意取材,而《杨柳枝词》九首则皆咏杨柳,题材统一;又皆以杨柳拟人或象征,咏物抒情、言理,手法亦一致。杨柳乃北方风物,诗中明言长安及洛阳金谷园、铜驼陌、炀帝行宫等,可推知是晚年在东西二京时期所作。第一首表明刘禹锡一贯持有的发展创新观念。第二首言大千世界万象纷纭,各具其理又相互依存。第三首写长安少年春游,杨柳为之增色助兴。第四首写洛阳名士雅集,杨柳长助风情。第五首以杨柳依人而易衰,喻人之依附富贵,不求自立,终难长久。第六首以杨柳见证隋之兴亡,言世事无常之意。第七首以杨柳见证汉之兴亡。第八首言杨柳最知人间别离之事。第九首借杨花柳絮喻漂泊之感。
由于长期的贬谪生活,刘禹锡有机会接触到湘沅巴蜀的民歌民谣。《旧唐书》本传云"禹锡在朗州十年,唯以文章吟咏,陶冶性情。蛮俗好巫,每淫辞鼓舞,必歌俚辞。禹锡或从事于其间,乃依骚人之作,为新辞以教巫祝。故武陵溪洞间夷歌,率多禹锡之辞也。"在唐代,如此认真地学习民歌并取得卓越成绩的,刘禹锡首屈一指。
刘禹锡直接运用民歌曲调创作的新诗,基本保持了纯正的民歌风味,又提高了民歌的艺术水平,既有较丰富的思想内涵,又谐音合律便于传唱,使雅俗互补,相得益彰。这正是刘禹锡在《竹枝词》小引中标树过的效法屈原的创作目标。
http://baike.baidu.com/view/159410.htm
参考一下,希望能帮到你!
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