能把土木工程专业英文翻译也发我一份吗，596973283@qq.com,谢谢

这个就好。。。我老师给我们的范文。嘿嘿

房屋的组成与发展
土木工程可谓是世界上最古老的工程专业之一，它是指对（涉及）建筑设施的规划、设计、建设以及对建成环境的管理。从农田的灌、排水系统到火箭发射设施，这里所说的建筑设施包括所有按照科学原则修建的建筑（这里的建成环境是指根据科学原理修建而成的所有结构物，包括从农田的灌溉排水系统到火箭的发射装置）。
房屋的各个部分是由建筑材料和建筑结构组合在一起构成的，包括：承重结构、屋面、地板和隔墙。房屋也拥有机电系统，如：电梯、冷暖系统（供暖及制冷系统）和照明系统。上部结构指的是建筑物在地面以上的部分，下部结构和基础则是建筑物在地面以下的部分。
建筑物的建设过程是从基础到上部结构，而设计的顺序则是从上往下。过去基础并没有被系统地研究。直到20世纪，基础设计才作为一个科学分支发展起来。Karl Terzaghi 的开拓性研究，通过运用土力学知识结合现场勘测和检验程序是的准确预报基础的行为成为可能。此后，基础事故变得很少。基础仍是许多建筑中不显眼但昂贵的一部分。
建筑物的结构是建筑物的功能、环境及各种社会经济因素共同作用的产物。公寓、办公楼、学校它们的结构不同是因为它们要履行的功能是不一样的。在一栋公寓里，每一个居住空间如：起居室、卧室（像起居室和卧室类的每一居住空间）必须保证充足的自然光。而浴室和厨房可以使用人造光源所以可以修建在房屋的内部。这种要求限制了公寓楼的进深。然而对于办公楼来说，人造光源被用作统一照明，所以这类建筑的进深将不会因为对自然光的需求而受到限制。
环境会影响到建筑物的形状和外观。城市里的学校会用围墙把学校和城市隔开，以在墙内营造一个学校自己的环境。而一个乡村小学可能与周围的环境部分彼此，并成为自然景色的一部分。尽管这两种学校的建筑环境不同，但它们各自履行的功能却是相同的。
最后，建筑的结构还受到各种社会经济因素的影响。诸如：土地费用、土地租赁期限、工程预算和规划方案（行政区划限制）。城市中高昂的土地使用费导致了其中高层建筑较多，而乡村的房屋较低也得益于乡村较低的土地使用费。一个预算充足的住宅建筑方案也不同于一个预算较低的住宅方案。通常一座较著名的办公楼工程也会比其它办公楼工程获得更多的预算。建筑物的体积和外轮廓也要受到当地规划（区划限制条件）的限制。这就是为什么功能相同的建筑物也会有不同的结构。（所有以上例子说明，具有相似功能的建筑物会呈现不同的结构形式）
建筑学是房屋建设的艺术。事实上，所有的建筑都涉及到对人类需要的使用空间的圈定。任何一个专门的建筑物，人们在其中所需要的活动空间将确定这个建筑的面积和形状（人类在任何一个特定建筑物内的精确活动都应指定所在建筑物中几个活动区域的形状和尺寸大小。从工厂的组装线到房间的起居室都应如此）。这些活动空间也需要按一定的逻辑顺序布置（需条理分明的布置好）。此外，（按建筑学上通用说法来讲），为了满足人们在建筑中能方便的行动，建筑物中还需要布置走廊、楼梯、电梯等设施。这些设施的尺寸根据人流量来确定（电梯的尺寸大小是由期望的人流荷载所决定的）。一个建筑的设计方案通常先由建筑师首先提出（考虑的），它需要充分考虑如何构造建筑物的空间来满足建筑物不同的使用需求。通过合理地布置建筑物的各个单元，一个好的设计使来访者可以轻易地到达自己的目的地，并在不知不觉中打动他们。相反，一个差的设计则造成不便、浪费和视觉混乱。
总的来说，建筑工程技术（的施工工艺）已经取得了很多的发展（进步）。然而那些最突出的成果还是在设计和建设超高层建筑的时候取得的。（然而取得突出成就的却是在超高层建筑的设计与施工方面）
早期的高层建筑的发展是从钢结构（结构钢的框架化）开始的。钢筋混凝土和薄壳筒体结构已经经济得竞相运用于许多住宅建筑和商业建筑中。（此后，由于钢筋混凝土和外层受力的筒体结构具有经济性和竞争力，因此它们竞相被运用到住宅建筑和商业建筑中。）作为新型建筑体系革新和发展的结果，50层到110层的高层建筑已经遍布美国各地。
将钢结构和混凝土结构组合在一起的一些结构体系也得到了发展，其中一个例子就是由 Skidmore、Owings和Merrill 发展的一种复合体系。这种结构体系外围是钢筋混凝土筒而内部是钢框架，这样就结合了钢筋混凝土结构和钢结构的优点。在New Orleans 的52层的One Shell Square Building 就是基于这种结构体系建造的。
更高的高度使得建筑物柱和梁的尺寸也必须相应增加，这样才能使建筑物获得更大的刚度，以保证在风荷载的作用下建筑物的摇摆不会超过许可的范围。过大的水平摇摆会引起房屋隔断、天花板等其它细部的破坏。此外，过大的摇摆还会使建筑中的居住者感到不适。钢筋混凝土结构和钢结构一样，都充分利用了整个建筑内部潜在的刚度，所以不需要其他附加的措施来控制建筑的摇摆。
The structure and development of the building
Civil engineering which is the oldest of the engineering specialties in the world, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.
Materials and structural forms are combined to make up the various parts of a building, including the load-carrying frame, skin, floors, and partitions. The building also has mechanical and electrical systems, such as elevators, heating and cooling systems, and lighting systems. The superstructure is that part of a building above ground, and the substructure and foundation is that part of a building below ground.
The construction of a building proceeds naturally from the foundation up to the superstructure．The design process，however，proceeds from the roof down to the foundation(in the direction of gravity)，In the past，the foundation was not subject to systematic investigation．A scientific approach to the design of foundations has been developed in the 20th century．Karl Terzaghi of the United States pioneered studies that made it possible to make accurate predictions of the behavior of foundations，using the science of soil mechanics coupled with exploration and testing procedures．Foundation failures of the past，such as the classical example of the leaning tower in Pisa，have become almost nonexistent．Foundations still are a hidden but costly part of many buildings．
The form of a building is an outgrowth of its function, its environment, and various socioeconomic factors. An apartment building, an office building, and a school differ in form because of the difference in the functions they fulfill. In an apartment building every habitable space, such as living rooms and bedrooms, must have natural light from windows while bathrooms and kitchens can have artificial light and therefore can be in the interior of the building. This set of requirements places a natural limit on the depth of an apartment building. In office buildings, on the other hand, artificial light is accepted for more uniform illumination, and therefore the depth of such buildings is not limited by a need for natural light.
Environment may affect ing blank walls toboth the shape and appearance of a building. An urban school may create its own environment by us seal out the city completely, and a country school may develop as an integral part of the landscape, even though both schools fulfill the same function.
Finally, the form of a building is affected by a variety of socioeconomic factors, including land costs, tenancy, building budget, and zoning restrictions. High land costs in urban areas result in high buildings, while low land costs in the country result in low buildings. A housing project for the rich will take a different form than a low-cost housing project. A prestige office building will be more generously budgeted for than other office buildings. The bulk of a building and its outline may be limited by zoning restrictions.In all these examples, buildings with similar functions take on different forms.
Architecture is the art of building. Virtually all architecture is concerned with the enclosure of space for human use. The precise activities to be housed in any specific building--ranging from an assembly line in a factory to a living room in a home--should dictate the size and shape of the several areas within. These spaces also must be arranged in some logical relation to each other. Furthermore, the movement of human beings within the building "circulation" in architectural parlance--requires halls, stairs, or elevators whose size is governed by the expected load of traffic. The plan of a structure, always the first consideration of an architect, is the resolution of these different purposes into an organization of spaces that will fulfill the intent of the building. Good planning guides the visitor to his destination in the structure and impresses him, perhaps subconsciously, by visibly relating the several units of the edifice. Conversely, a bad plan results in inconvenience, waste, and visual confusion.
Although there have been many advancements in building construction technology in general, spectacular achievements have been made in the design and construction of ultrahigh-rise buildings.
The early development of high-rise buildings began with structural steel framing. Reinforced concrete and stressed-skin tube systems have since been economically and competitively used in a number of structures for both residential and commercial purposes. The high-rise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the United States are the result of innovations and development of new structural systems.
Systems compiling both concrete and steel have also been developed，an example of which is the composite system developed by Skidmore，Owings & Merrill in which an exterior closely spaced framed tube in concrete envelops an interior steel framing，thereby combining the advantages of both reinforced concrete and structural
steel systems．The 52—story One Shell Square Building in New Orleans is based on this system．
Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable limit. Excessive lateral sway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions, ceilings, and other architectural details. In addition, excessive sway may cause discomfort to the occupants of the building because of their perception of such motion. Structural systems of reinforced concrete, as well as steel, take full advantage of the inherent potential stiffness of the total building and therefore do not require additional stiffening to limit the sway.