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飞秒检测发现压敏胶按照主体树脂成分可分为橡胶型和树脂型两类。橡胶型又可分为天然橡胶和合成橡胶类;树脂型又主要包括丙烯酸类、有机硅类以及聚氨酯类。
橡胶类压敏胶除主要成分为橡胶外,还要加入其他辅助成分,如增粘树脂、增塑剂、填料、粘度调整剂、硫化剂、防老剂、溶剂等配合而成。
而树脂类压敏胶除主体树脂外,还需加入消泡剂、流平剂、润湿剂等助剂。
相对分子质量及其分布的影响:相对分子质量及其分布对压敏胶的各种性能都有很大影响。当减小压敏胶的相对分子质量时可以降低本体粘度, 有利于对被粘物表面的湿润,从而提高界面粘合力。但相对分子质量过低时,内聚强度差,剥离时胶层易发生内聚破坏。增大相对分子质量可以提高内聚力,但相对分子质量过大又会阻碍分散和湿润。因此, 压敏胶的相对分子质量必须在一定的范围内才能获得良好的粘合性能。相对分子质量分布也有较大影响,一般较宽相对分子质量分布的压敏胶则有较好的粘合性能。
玻璃化温度影响:玻璃化温度Tg对压敏胶的性能影响很大,Tg不同的压敏胶其室温下本体粘度和弹性模量增大,剥离强度降低,会失去压敏性。
Tg过低, 内聚强度低,会产生剥离破坏,因此,压敏胶粘剂的Tg必须保持在一定的温度范围内一般为-20~600C。热塑性弹体压敏胶组成与配合暖塑性弹性体是1963年之后发展起来的新型合成橡胶,具有热塑性塑料的呆溶性和热加工性,不需化学交联室温下就有硫化橡胶的弹性。因此,又称为第3代橡胶。比较典型的热塑性弹性体是A-B-A嵌段共聚物,是由苯乙烯(St)、二烯烃(D)、苯乙烯(St)三元共聚而成,简称为SDS。详细的品种有SBS和SIS等,它独特结构使其不经塑炼便可在某些有机溶剂中,同时在高温下又有较低的熔融粘度。通过添加与聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚丁二烯(PB)和聚异戊二烯(PI)相容性不同的成分来制备性能不同的压敏胶。由于PB和PI段中存在不饱和键,还可用接枝共聚的方法进行改性。暖塑性弹性体压敏胶主要有溶剂型压敏胶和热熔压敏胶两大类。组成与配合暖塑性弹性体压敏胶是由SBS、SIS、增粘树脂、软化剂、防老剂、着色剂等组成,只有各组分配合适当,才能制得性能优异的压敏胶。
一、SBS和SIS SBS为苯乙烯-丁二烯三元嵌段共聚物,SIS为苯乙烯-异戊二烯-苯乙烯三元嵌段共聚物,都具有橡胶和塑料的双重特性,来源容易、价格适中,非常适宜用作压敏胶粘剂的弹性体组分。SBS按其结构可分为线型和星型两类。线型结构相对分子质量较低,溶解性好。但内聚强度不足;星型结构相对分子质量较高, 内聚强度较大,但熔融温度高。因此,制造压敏胶粘剂应当选用线型结构的SBS。苯乙烯(St)与丁二烯(Bd)相对含量之比对性能有较大影响。St/Bd大,粘度变小,粘合力大,但弹性和耐寒冷较差;St/Bd小,粘度增大,弹性增加,但粘接强度和耐暖性降低。作为压敏胶用的SBS一般选用St/Bd为30/70。SIS为不相容的两相结构,PS分散到聚异戊二烯连续相中,起到"硫化"和补强作用。结构中存在着聚异戊二烯嵌段,具有多个甲基侧链,粘合力较强,比SBS更适宜制造压敏胶, 尤其是热熔压敏胶。SIS的玻璃化温度为Tg1-550C,Tg21000C,弹性大,不耐老化, 耐水、醇、弱酸、弱碱。酯类、酮类、芳香、烃类化合物能使SIS溶解或溶胀。
二、增粘树脂暖塑性弹性体SIS本身并没有初粘性,必须加入增粘树脂才具有压敏性能。压敏胶性能优劣的关键是胶粘剂的粘弹性增粘剂的作用主要是赋予压敏胶必要的粘性,由于暖塑性弹性体具有两相聚集态结构,选用增粘树脂时必须考虑它与弹性体两相的相容性。与暖塑性弹性体中橡胶相(PB、PI)相容的增粘树脂有松香和松香脂、萜烯树脂、C5石油树脂等,赋予压敏胶的粘性,与塑料相(PS)相容的增粘树脂有古马隆树脂、芳烃石油树脂、PS树脂等,可改善压敏胶的内聚力。还有一些与两相都相容的增粘树脂,如高软化点的萜烯酚醛树脂、低软化点的芳烃石油树脂。酚醛树脂则与暖塑性弹性体的两相都不相容。加渗透增粘树脂与SBS、SIS混合后,由扭辫分析(TBA)测得两相的玻璃化温度发生了变化从而影响压敏胶粘剂和性能。萜烯树脂使PB相的Tg有较大提高,PS相的Tg略有降低;松香树脂对PB相的Tg影响较大。而对PS相的Tg影响较小;C5石油树脂PB相Tg提高较小,但PS相的Tg变化很大;芳烃石油树脂(C9)与两相相容性不很高, 对Tg影响都不大。萜烯树脂体系性能最佳,具有较好的快粘性和剥离强度,且有较适中的持粘性。C9石油树脂的综合性能最差。暖塑性弹性体为两相不同的结构,除了选用萜烯树脂为主增粘树脂,最好还要加入适当量的其他增粘树脂,以调节压敏胶的综合性能。这种采用混合增粘树脂的方法,则会获得性能更好的压敏胶粘剂。增粘树脂的用量一般与暖塑性弹性体等量或稍多,随着增粘树脂的用量增加,压敏胶的剥离强度提高, 当剥离强度达到峰值之后,增粘树脂再增加反而会场使剥离强度急剧下降。
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