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春节习俗之演变 民间过春节,习俗甚多。但每一个习俗在悠悠的岁月中并非原模原样,它们都有一个演变和发展的过程。现拣几个主要习俗说说。 首先说祀灶神。祀灶神,乃中国古代的五祀之一。《礼记‧曲礼下》说天子要祭五祀,即「户、灶、中溜(檐下接水的槽)、门、行」。可见我们的祖先是相信万物有灵的。祭灶神摆在第二位。不过古代祭灶是在夏天,而不是腊月。《礼记‧月令》载:「孟夏之月其祭灶」。及到汉朝,才开始改为腊月祭灶。传说汉代有叫 子方的人,在腊日晨见到了灶神,他便以黄羊祭之,因而大富。人们便因此将祭灶日改在腊日。腊日是在哪月哪天?起初汉代人以冬至后三个「戍」日为腊日,即人们可在十二月里任选一个腊日作为祭灶日。后来统一了,定十二月初八为腊日。《荆楚岁时记》明白写著:「十二月初八为腊日。」何以今日习俗年祭灶神又改在十二月二十四?这是因宋诗人范成大的《祭灶词》而起,他在词中写道:「古传腊月二十四,灶君朝天欲言事,云车风马少留连,家有杯盘丰典祀」。今日人们的祭灶习俗也就缘此而来。 其次说贴春联。贴春联是从古时挂桃符演绎而来的。古时人们在元旦,用桃木板写上神荼、郁垒二神之名,悬挂在门旁,用以驱鬼避邪,保平安。何以要用桃木?神荼、郁垒又是何神?这答案要从《山海经》上去找,该书说:沧海之中有度朔山,山上长了棵大桃树,根壮枝粗,「曲蟠三千里」。其枝间,东北有条鬼门,是万鬼出入的地方。树上有两个管鬼的神,一名神荼,一名郁垒。有他俩在,鬼们就会规规矩矩,不敢造次。这就成了民间挂桃符的缘由。 到了五代十国时,开始在桃板上写联语,这就是春联、对联的起端。《宋史‧蜀世家》记载说:「孟昶命学士为题的桃符,以其非工,自命笔题云:『新年纳余庆,佳节号长春』。」后蜀国皇帝孟昶题的这副对联,就成了中国新年的第一副春联。 到宋时,人们开始用纸写春联。不仅有门联,而且发展到楹联。据传倡导用红纸墨书春联的是明朝开国皇帝朱元璋。他喜欢作对联,故有「对联天子」之誉。他指示在新春佳节来临时,不仅皇宫大院要贴春联,而且民间也要贴。他还号召官员、读书人代写春联。以示普天同庆,君民同乐。 其三,贴门神。春联是贴在门框上,门神则是贴在门板上。贴门神是从挂桃符演变而来的。有本书叫《月令广义‧十二月令》说:「道家谓门神,左曰丞,右曰尉。盖司门之神,其义本自桃符,以神荼、郁垒辟邪,故树之於门。」不同的是,桃符是书二神之名,门神是画二神之像。 但到了唐朝;门神换将了,换成了秦叔宝、尉迟敬德。这里有个故事,说一次太宗李世民重病,夜夜有冤魂啼哭索命,他惊恐万分。有一晚由战将秦叔宝、尉迟敬德为他守门站岗,太宗便能安睡了。此后唐皇便令画工将二将的像画上,贴於门上。起初在皇宫里贴,后来就成了千家万户的门神了。到了五代,门将又换岗了,换上了钟馗。钟馗是个食鬼之神。故事来自沈括的《梦溪笔谈》,其中说到唐明皇李隆基,有一晚作了个吓人的梦,梦见一个大鬼,头戴破帽,身著蓝袍,眇著一只眼,左手抓住一个小鬼,右手抠鬼眼,然后啖之。明皇惊问大鬼是谁?答曰:钟馗。明皇醒后,找来著名画家吴道子,按自己所述,画成一幅钟馗捉鬼图。五代时,人们将此图作为门神张贴,「悬於除夕」。到了宋代,门神又换将了,换上温峤和岳飞。今日人们多以年画替代了门神。 其四,放爆竹。过年放爆竹,已成习俗。宋王安石有首《元日》诗说:「爆竹声中一岁除,春风送暖入屠苏。」这里就说到「元日」放爆竹的事。古人用火烧竹子,爆烈发声,故称「爆竹」。放爆竹,是为了驱山鬼,传山鬼中有个叫「年」的,它是个作恶的家伙,人们常用爆竹将它赶跑。关於爆竹赶鬼的事,南北朝《荆楚岁时记》中有记载。到唐代,人们将「爆竹」称为「爆竿」。来鹄在《早春》诗里说:「新历才将半纸开,小庭犹聚爆竿灰。」宋时发明了火药,不久就有了纸裹火药的「鞭爆」,引燃即响声不绝。
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