怎样用施肥试验法与经验施肥法确定施肥量?

2025年04月02日 06:40
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施肥试验法即通过试验确定施肥量。综合各地施肥经验,盛果期大树为保持高产、稳产,每生产50千克苹果需给土壤补充纯氮0.55千克、磷0.34千克、钾0.46千克,三者相对比例约为1∶0.5∶1,并需补充一定量的各种微量元素。如果按有效成分折算为施肥量,则每667米2产1000千克以上的苹果园,有机肥的施用量(按草垫圈肥折算)一般要达到1千克果1千克肥的标准。每667米2产2000~3000千克的丰产园,有机肥的施用量要达到“1千克果1.5千克肥”的水平。在此基础上,还需要追施一定量的速效性氮、磷、钾肥,其施用量可参考表4-2。

表4-2 苹果的施肥标准产量指标 每667米2施肥量(千克) 氮 五氧化二磷 氧化钾 1000 11.04 6.76 9.22 2000 22.08 13.52 18.44 3000 33.12 20.28 27.66如施用其他有机肥料,可按应施用圈肥量的折合量来计算。每千克其他肥料折合圈肥千克数为:人粪1.7千克,人粪尿1千克,马粪0.9千克,牛粪0.98千克,羊粪1.03千克,鸡粪2.4千克,玉米秸1千克,麦秸0.83千克,棉子饼5.7千克,花生饼10.5千克,芝麻饼9.7千克,菜子饼8.3千克。

根据全国多年肥效试验结果,氮、磷、钾肥配合施用可以提高土壤活性,增强苹果树根系的吸收能力,提高树体的氮素和有机营养水平,调节营养生长与生殖生长,提高产量、品质和树体的抗逆性。据1993年在正定县小屯试验,红富士苹果8月中旬新梢中部叶片中氮、磷、钾的含量对果实外观品质的影响极大,其中氮的含量与单果重呈极显著的正相关,而与着色指数呈负相关;磷、钾的含量与单果重呈显著的负相关,与果实着色呈显著的正相关,据计算,8月中旬新梢叶片中氮的含量为1.93%~2.1%时,单果重可达200~250克;磷的含量范围0.166%~0.216%,钾的含量范围1.36%~1.65%时,着色指数可达80%~90%。国外施肥试验结果证实,厩肥与化肥配合使用,可提高产量36%~50%;而单纯施用化肥仅增产25%。

氮、磷、钾的适宜比例不是千篇一律的,由于各地土壤条件差异较大,而且不同年龄时期的果树对氮、磷、钾的需要量不同,因此很难确定统一的比例标准。但是各地在长期的施肥试验和生产实践中都探索出了适宜当地条件的氮、磷、钾配比。渤海湾地区棕黄土氮、磷、钾的比例幼树期为2∶2∶1或1∶2∶1,结果期为2∶1∶2;西北地区土壤含磷量低而且易板结,增施磷肥效果较好,其三要素比例,幼树期为2∶2∶1,结果期为1∶1∶2;山东烟台提出三要素的比例为幼树期2∶1.5∶2,结果期为3∶1∶3或2∶0.5∶2;秦岭北麓苹果园则以1∶1.5∶1为宜。33.怎样用形态诊断法确定施肥的种类与施肥量?

通过树体形态诊断可以直观地判断树体的营养状况。营养状况良好的苹果树叶大、厚而浓绿,新梢粗壮,芽眼饱满。一般未结果的乔砧富士苹果幼树,外围新梢生长量为60~120厘米;成龄的结果树应结果正常,品质好,外围新梢生长量应达30~45厘米,短枝具6~8片健叶,果台副梢20厘米左右,否则应查明原因,以便采取补救措施。

在某种元素缺乏或失调的情况下,往往在树体的外部形态上表现出一定的症状。由于各元素的生理作用和功能不同,其亏缺表现的形态特征也不相同。生产中常利用这种相关性判断树体的营养状况,如用形态诊断缺素症检索表进行诊断等(表4-3)。

表4-3 苹果树主要缺素症检索表①病症限于新梢基部,或由老叶开始;②叶局部出现杂色斑或黄化;③叶缘上卷发黄,叶面上有黄色或褐色斑点,有坏死。………………缺钾 ③叶淡绿或白色,叶脉间黄化或淡色斑,无坏死。………………缺镁 ②叶全部黄化,呈干燥或烧焦状,叶小,早落;③叶淡绿至黄化,叶柄叶脉红褐色,小叶红紫色,叶柄与 枝梢夹角小。……………… ③叶暗绿至青铜色,叶柄叶脉紫红色(春季可见)。………………缺磷 ③小簇叶,轮生,有花斑。………………缺锌 ①病症限于幼叶,或由生长点、幼叶起始;②顶芽枯死,此前幼叶失绿,卷曲;③叶尖钩状,叶缘皱缩,叶易碎裂。………………缺钙 ③叶皱缩,薄厚不均,叶脉扭曲,有小簇叶,枝有光腿观象。………………缺硼 ②顶芽活着,顶叶芽黄化;③幼叶黄化,有坏死斑,小叶脉绿色,似网状。……………………缺锰 ③幼叶无坏死斑,黄化;④叶脉与叶脉间组织同色,呈浅绿色。不出现黄或黄白色。…… 缺硫 ④叶脉绿色,叶片黄化至黄白色,严重时全叶失绿至漂白色。

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