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石榴较耐瘠薄和干旱,怕水涝,生育季节需水极多栽培 石榴的栽培主要有园林栽培、果树栽培、盆景和盆栽栽培等方式。
常用扦插、分株、压条进行繁殖。
扦插,春季选二年生枝条或夏季采用半木质化枝条扦插均可,插后15~20天生根。分株,可在早春4月芽萌动时,挖取健壮根蘖苗分栽。
压条,春、秋季均可进行,不必刻伤,芽萌动前用根部分蘖枝压入土中,经夏季生根后割离母株,秋季即可成苗。露地栽培应选择光照充足、排水良好的场所。生长过程中,每月施肥1次。需勤除根蘖苗和剪除死枝、病枝、密枝和徒长枝,以利通风透光。盆栽,宜浅栽,需控制浇水,宜干不宜湿。生长期需摘心,控制营养生长,促进花芽形成。
扦插石榴,可在6月中下旬,将有花芽的枝梢剪下,插在装有发酵好的砻糠灰盆中,于蔽荫处精心养护两个星期,插条茎部有新根出现时,移植到砻糠灰和土壤各半的盆中,在阴凉处放2~3天,半荫处放3~4天,便可放到阳光下直晒。一星期后,可一株一盆进行定植。
一.新盆准备:新盆土层深厚、质地疏松、蓄水保肥力好的轻壤或砂壤土。
二.扦插时间:春、夏、秋三季均可。春季宜在3月下旬至4月上旬进行,插穗选2年生硬枝。夏秋季扦插分别在6-7月和10月进行,插穗选当年生半木质化枝条。因此,你现在扦插正当时.
三.剪取插穗 从树冠外围选取健壮、饱满、生长势强、无病虫害的枝条。将枝条剪成8-15厘米长,上切口剪平,下切口斜切。枝条的下端放入95%的工业酒精中浸一下,以除去下切口凝聚的单宁等不利于扦插成活的物质。之后把插穗放进流水中浸5-10分钟,再将枝条下端浸入GGF(绿色植物生长调节剂)50mg/L溶液中1小时。
四.扦插方法:处理好的插穗按下部1/2-2/3埋入培养土内。用手压实插穗两边土壤,浇一次透水。
五.插后管理:管理的重点是控制空气和土壤温度和湿度,尽量做到穗条不失水,使之始终保持在新鲜状态。主要措施遮荫、保湿和降温。
1)遮荫:扦插后要做好遮阳。遮阳物的透光率以20%-30%为宜。也要遮挡早上和傍晚阳光。
2)保湿:扦插后马上用塑料布罩好。塑料布可调节空气和土壤的温度和湿度,以提供最佳的生长环境。扦插前期,穗条耗水量少,一般7-10天浇水一次。一个月后,穗条开始生根、抽梢、耗水量逐步增大,每3-5天要浇水一次。浇水量的多少依土壤湿度和空气湿度来确定。石榴的最佳生长条件,空气相对湿度80%-90%,土壤水分保持在田间持水量的80%左右。
3)降温:此时,最佳土壤应保持在20-25摄氏度。如遇高温,必须降温。降温的措施有三条,一是遮荫,二是通风,三是浇水。在夏季高温睛天的中午,要及时掀开塑料布的两端通风降温,傍晚7-9时待气温降低后要盖严,以保持湿度。另外,还可采用向穗条喷水、在塑料布上浇水等办法降温。
4)施肥:施肥原则为,薄肥勤施。扦插一个月左右插穗即生根,之后,每半月叶面喷肥0.25%尿素一次。扦插3个月后,施肥量可酌增,每月浇一次3%-5%鱼腥水(用丢弃的鱼内脏等加水10倍后密封半年以上即可),次日用清水冲洗一次;或者每月浇一次3%腐熟菜籽饼等。
5)除草:盆中如有杂草,应及时拔除,在除草时要防止动根伤苗。
6)炼苗:插后3-4个月,要适当延长通风和光照时间,以提高苗木适应外部环境的能力。
7)移苗:次年春天,可将扦插苗移植到大盆中种植。
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