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小龙虾是我国的常见水生物种,因其味道鲜美、营养价值高,一直深受消费者青睐。而近年龙虾节的成功举办,更让小龙虾发展成为市场上最热销的虾类。为此,各地都结合自身实际,发展池塘主养、池塘虾蟹混养、池塘鱼虾混养等形式多样的小龙虾养殖。其中池塘虾蟹混养风险较小、效益较高,是当前主要的小龙虾混养模式之一。本文介绍的就是针对该养殖模式捕捞特点而制作的新型地笼。
一、背景
池塘虾蟹混养模式,小龙虾上市时间为4月-8月(上市早且持续时间长),而河蟹上市则通常在10月份以后。在小龙虾上市期,及时对小龙虾进行轮捕,既能获得小龙虾的高产,又减轻池塘压力,利于年底河蟹的丰产丰收。但用常规的地笼套捕小龙虾,河蟹也会爬入其内,不但与小龙虾相互残杀,造成损失,而且增加分拣的难度,费工费时。因而,养殖户急需一种能够选择性套捕小龙虾的工具。
二、原理
新型地笼是根据小龙虾与河蟹不同的攀爬习性来设计的。观察发现,小龙虾不具备仰角攀爬能力,河蟹则相反,其仰角攀爬能力很强,且特别喜爱仰角攀爬。因此,在笼梢口增设一块光滑板,捕捞时不封闭笼梢口。当小龙虾和河蟹进入地笼后,河蟹会沿着笼梢口上半部分的网片自行爬出,小龙虾则只能往倾斜放置的光滑板上攀爬,因光滑板的磨擦系数很小,小龙虾不能爬出,这就实现了对小龙虾的选择性套捕。
三、结构图例及使用方法
下图中,图1为新型地笼使用状态图,图2为图1中A-A部位的剖视图。

图1 新型地笼使用状态图
1-筒状网袋;2-龙骨;3-起始端;
4-笼梢口;5-光滑板;6-固定杆

图2 A-A部位剖视图
1-筒状网袋;5-光滑板

新型地笼实际使用效果图。
从图中可以看出,地笼主要由筒状网袋、龙骨、笼梢和光滑板组成。龙骨等间距地固定在筒状网袋上;光滑板上下两端缝合在笼梢口内,其宽幅占笼梢口周长的1/2以上,长度尺寸大于20cm。
使用时,将地笼起始端固定在池塘河床上,笼梢则系在固定杆高出水面30cm处,光滑板应位于笼梢口下半面贴近固定杆,且其下端高出水面,笼梢口保持松开状态即可。
四、结语
通过一年来的养殖生产应用,我们有如下体会:
1、制作新型地笼仅需一条普通地笼和一块光滑板。对虾蟹养殖户来说,普通地笼是必备的捕捞工具,光滑板则可选取池塘四周防逃用的硬质塑料板,取材方便。
2、制作新型地笼,只需将材质相宜、大小合适的光滑板缝合在普通地笼笼梢口内,工艺十分简单。
3、新型地笼轮捕小龙虾,套捕效率高,河蟹存笼量极少,省心省力。
此种新型地笼不但有效解决了池塘虾蟹混养模式中小龙虾的套捕难题,而且制作简易、经济实用,应用前景广阔。
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