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(Mg,Fe)2[SiO4]
斜方晶系
Ng=1.690~1.731
Nm=1.671~1.715
Np=1.655~1.692
Ng-Np=0.035~0.039
(±)2V=(+)88°~(-)83°r<(v正光性)或r>(v负光性)
a‖Ng,b‖Np,c‖Nm,光轴面‖(001)
化学组成 一般所说的橄榄石是指贵橄榄石,它是镁橄榄石和铁橄榄石的类质同象中间变种,成分中镁橄榄石分子(Fo)超过铁橄榄石分子(Fa)。MgO可达40%~50%,FeO8%~12%,少数达20%,有时尚含NiO,Mn O,C2O3,TiO2等杂质。
结晶特点 晶体沿c轴呈短柱状,集合体为粒状,作为火山岩和煌斑岩的斑晶往往呈完好的自形晶,纵切面呈两端尖锐的长六边形(照片412,413),其上常见断续的{010}解理缝(照片414),横切面近菱形(也可见解理缝),因此当斑晶经过熔蚀则出现双凸透镜状轮廓,其形态较特征。侵入岩中多为不规则等向粒状。常具环带构造,核部富镁,边部富铁,环带不同部位的双折射率和光轴角有所不同。常具反应边结构,中心为橄榄石,边部被斜方辉石、单斜辉石、普通角闪石、黑云母等环绕。幔源岩中的地幔包体或捕虏晶中的贵橄榄石亦可见状似双晶的“肯克带”(照片416)。{010}解理不完全,裂纹发育。
光性特征 橄榄绿色,遭蚀变而呈黄、褐或红色,薄片中无色,正高突起,干涉色二级顶至三级底(照片413,415)。平行消光,由于c‖Nm,延性可正可负。双晶少见。光性符号和光轴角与含铁量有关,含铁较少者为正光性,光轴角大,随铁含量增加,光轴角达90°,随后,光轴角减少至83°,且变为负光性。因光轴角始终近于90°,故在垂直光轴干涉图中黑臂近似直臂。
变化 橄榄石性质不稳定,最易蚀变成蛇纹石,并伴随析出磁铁矿,往往沿裂缝或边缘开始蚀变,形成网状(照片417),直至被蛇纹石与磁铁矿混合物所取代,保留假象。此外,还可变为透闪石、黑云母、滑石(照片418,419,427)、碳酸盐矿物(照片425,426,427)。在火山岩或某些浅成岩中,橄榄石常变为伊丁石(照片419,420,421)和皂石(照片421,422, 423),有时也常变为绿鳞石或蒙脱石(微高岭石)-绿泥石的集合体(照片425)。(蒙脱石-绿泥石集合体为绿色或无色,弱多色性,二级干涉色,平行消光,正或负低突起,表现出绿泥石和蒙脱石之间的光性。根据突起,颜色可与绿鳞石区别)。
鉴别特征 橄榄石与斜方辉石有时易混淆,区别在于橄榄石双折射率高、解理不发育而裂纹发育、延性可正可负,而斜方辉石具辉石式解理、干涉色低(一级)、正延性。与普通辉石、透辉石、斜顽辉石区别是后三者均具辉石式解理、干涉色低于橄榄石、斜消光、光轴角较小(中等)。此外,若能找到⊥Bxa切面(对橄榄石来说,一般干涉色为一级顶左右),锥光下观察其⊥Bxa干涉图(也可近于⊥Bxa),找出图中二光轴点连线方向(因为橄榄石光轴角大,转动物台,二光轴会很快移出视域外,因此要注意跑出方向为二光轴连线方向)即光轴面方向,此时勿动物台,将锥光系统去掉,观察所测矿物的解理缝方向与光轴面方向(二光轴点连线)之间的关系,若二者垂直,则为橄榄石(参看图4-122),若二者平行则为普通辉石、透辉石或紫苏辉石(参看图4-135、133、128)。与绿帘石有时也容易相混,区别是绿帘石常显彩色异常干涉色、具有较好的解理、无蛇纹石蚀变。硅镁石常具无色—淡黄色的多色性、折射率、双折射率及光轴角均较橄榄石小。
产状及其他 橄榄石主要产于SiO2不饱和的镁铁-超镁铁质岩中,如辉长岩、苏长岩、橄榄岩、玄武岩、苦橄岩、碧玄岩、玻基辉橄岩、金伯利岩,也产于榴辉岩中。一般不和石英同时出现,但在石英玄武岩中曾发现橄榄石斑晶。在有方英石或鳞石英的熔岩空洞内也见到橄榄石。它也是石陨石的主要组分之一,同辉石、金刚石、石墨、碱性长石、钛铁矿、磷灰石、尖晶石、铬铁矿、金红石、磷钙铁锰矿等一起产出。橄榄石还可产于某些煌斑岩、碱性岩及结晶灰岩、白云岩中。
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