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没有火枪!
36、火桶:明代燃烧性火器,戚家军用于水战。据戚继光《纪效新书》记载:火桶为木制,装火药五斤,上埋一层沙土,沙土上放大瓷碗,碗内盛燃烧的木炭,与倭寇水战时,投掷到敌船上,火桶燃烧爆炸。
37、三眼铳、四眼铳:明朝早期火器,在战斗中存在发射一发后,敌如蜂拥而来,便不能发射第二发的缺点。明英宗正统十四年(公元1449年),造两头铳,可旋转连放。后来又造二眼铳、三眼铳、四眼铳、以及五眼、七眼、十眼等多管式多节铳。可以单放、齐放和联放。这些改进,部分解决了装填、燃放慢的缺点。
38、喷筒:喷筒是喷射火焰、药饼的管形喷射火器,为明代所创制,用于攻守城寨和水战。戚家军使用的这类火器计有毒药喷筒、满天喷筒、毒龙喷火神筒、一把莲、钻穴飞砂神雾筒、神火喷筒等六种。其作用是使目标燃烧和敌方人马中毒。如戚家军常用毒药喷筒,按《纪效新书》记载,用两寸直径的圆竹筒一根,长近二尺,以麻绳密缠,筒下端安上五尺长的竹、木柄。装药时,先下炭多硝少的慢药(燃烧药),次下喷药(发射药),再下含有砒霜的药饼,一枚为一层,共装五层。发射药装配多少,要根据竹筒的粗细和药饼的大小适当增减,如配制得法,喷射火焰可远达数十丈。粘上船帆,船篷或其他目标,立即引起燃烧,并使敌人中毒。
39、火妖:戚家军使用的投掷性火器。其外形为球形,用硝石、硫磺、松脂、砒霜、铁蒺藜等为药料,外裹地鼠纸,涂抹松脂油。戚家军使用的火妖有两种:一种是毒药性火器,临敌时,抛掷到敌方,使敌人口鼻流血;一种是以铁蒺藜为主的杀伤性火器,爆炸后杀伤敌人。火妖多用于近战、海战以及守城时防御性战斗。
41、火砖:明代燃烧性火器,据戚继光《纪效新书》记载:火砖是用地鼠纸制成的毒火药。一个火砖分上、下两层,每五个为一层,药芯用竹筒穿入。火砖是投掷或由抛石机抛掷到敌方,爆炸燃烧使敌人中毒昏倒,皮肉燎伤。
42、子母炮:戚继光根据佛朗机炮改进的一种火器。
43、鸟铳:亦称鸟嘴铳,是明朝嘉靖年间在东南沿海平倭寇的战争中掳获的。嘉靖三十七年(公元1558年)开始制造。《武备志》论述鸟嘴铳身管长,所以射出的子弹“势远有力”,又因下面有木托,可用手托铳的前部,发射时不易摇摆,所以“十发有八九发命中”。
44、快枪:明代的一种火绳枪,枪管长两尺,枪把长五尺,多装备于明朝北方军队。快枪无准星,命中率不及鸟铳。
45、炸炮:是一种踏发式地雷,用生铁铸造,大小和碗一样,内空,上留一指粗的口,装填炸药以后,用小竹管穿线于内。临阵时选定敌人必经的要道上,或自己阵地前方敌人容易接近的地区,将几十个炸炮都连接在“钢轮发火”装置的“火槽”上,挖坑埋设,用土掩盖,敌人踏动钢轮机,即发火爆炸。 钢轮发火是一种发火机。在木匣内装钢轮和燧石,用绳卷在钢轮的铁轴上,从匣内引出,横拴在道路上。人马拌绳或拉绳,牵动钢轮磨擦燧石发生火花,使引信燃烧。 火槽是明代埋设地雷时用的总引信。这种引信安装在空竹管内,埋于地下,一头或两头与钢轮发火机相连,各个地雷的引信又都用小竹管与火槽相连接。当钢轮发火使引信燃烧时,即可引起地雷群爆炸。如无火槽,则埋在地下的引信不能顺利燃烧,地雷不能爆炸。
46、瓷蒺藜:在戚继光曾镇守过的蓟州出土。瓷蒺藜是世界上最早出现的手榴弹。它内装火药,点燃引线后,投掷到敌军阵中,爆炸后杀伤敌人。瓷蒺藜上的凸刺,是为了投掷到敌阵中,防止瓷蒺藜滚动而设。 明代兵器的发展,在中国兵器史上起到承前启后的作用,明朝弘治年间发明的毒火龙炮,是世界上最早出现的开花弹。从实心弹发展为爆炸弹,这是我国炮弹的一次重要改革。明朝火箭的发展,已经达到相当高的水平,出现单级和多级火箭,明朝军队是世界上最早掌握和使用火箭的军队。
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