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三焦属六腑之一,是中医学脏腑中的一个名称。究竟三焦是什么?在古典文献中记述不够明确,而历代医家的看法也不一致,有待进一步整理研先。现仅按它的部位、功能等略述如下,以供参考。
从部位上来分三焦:.上焦包括心肺;中焦包括脾胃;下焦包括肝肾等脏器。它是分属于胸腹部的三个区域。
从功能上来分三焦:上焦如“雾”,指心肺的敷布作用;中焦如“沤”,指脾胃的消化转输作用;下焦如“渎”,指肾与膀胱的排泄作用。
总的说来,三焦是输送水液、养料和排泄废料的通路。
三焦分为上、中、下三个部分,相当中皖(胃院)部位(包括脾胃)为中焦,中肮以上至胸腔部位(包括心肺)为上焦,中肮以下至小腹部位(包括肝肾等诸器官)为下焦。“焦”就是热的意思,这种热能的表现叫做“气”。所以三焦总的功能是主持诸气,疏通水道,是水谷出入的道路。但上、中、下三部的功能又各有不同。
上焦的主要功能是宣发积于胸中的“空气”,将其输送到全身,供给体内各组织器官的机能活动(主要是心肺的功能)。这个作用好象雾露一样敷布全身,故有“上焦如雾”之说。
中焦的主要功能是消化和转输饮食物(包括脾胃等功能在内)蒸化津液,把营养物质通过肺脉的传化作用以化生营气(即血液的组成部分)。中焦的作用,好象渍沤食物使之变化一样,故有“中焦如沤”之说。
下焦的主要功能是把人体内消化后的残余物质加以分别清浊,食物的残接通过大肠排出体外;水液代谢过程中的剩余水分,经过气化由肾通过膀胱排出体外。
下焦的作用,好象管道疏通液体一样。因此,以“下焦如匿”来形容它。
综上所述,三焦总的生理功能,是体腔内几个脏腑在水谷消化、吸收、营养、排泄等功能方面的总合。因此,三焦的病变也就大都表现在胸腹体腔内有关输送水谷养料和排泄废料等几个方面.一般说来,表现在心肺的叫做上焦病,表现在脾胃的叫做中焦病,表现在肝肾等的叫做下焦病.
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