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汤普森冲锋枪威力大，火力猛，缺点是结构复杂，质量较大。
枪
-1928A1式冲锋枪采用独特的半自由枪机式工作原理，枪机上有一个用青铜制成的H形延迟后坐块，位于枪机向后倾斜70°角的凹槽内，作用是在发射瞬间通过不同角度的摩擦阻力来延迟枪机后坐。
当膛压开始下降时，通过H块两侧的开锁突起与机匣上的开锁斜面相互作用使H块上升，枪机开始向后运动。
该延迟机构虽然避免了枪机早抽壳、炸壳故障，但结构复杂。枪管外部加工有环形散热槽，枪口部有一个锯齿形减震器。配用20发、30发弹匣或50发、100发弹鼓。该枪大多数零件为铸件，全枪质量——较大，不含枪弹时达4.9千克。
M1式11.43毫米冲锋枪-1式冲锋枪主要的改进是取消了H形块枪机延迟机构，工作原理改为自由枪机式。此外，拉机柄由原来位于机匣上部改在机匣右侧，去掉了枪管散热槽和齿形减震器，并只使用20发、30发弹匣供弹。1942年初定为M1式。
此枪无表尺，采用觇孔式表尺准星瞄准，拉机柄在枪的右侧，没有枪口防震器，M1式没有斜向闭锁，上面无缺口，以免被机柄勾住。
该枪没有黄铜机锁，所以闭锁时全靠本身的重量和弹簧的张力，因而机心较重，M1式和M1928A1式的缓冲器不一样，M1式的缓冲器由荫部分组成，即缓冲器杆和缓冲片，商M1928A1式的缓冲器只有二个缓冲圈，M1式只能使用弹匣不能使用弹鼓。
M1式的机匣比M1928A1式窄些，其它均与M1928A1式相同。M1式冲锋枪发射0.45英寸(11.43毫米)柯尔特自动手枪弹，弹头初速为282米/秒，有效射程为200米，由20或30发弹匣供弹，理论射速为700发/分钟，膛线右旋6条，枪全长为813毫米，枪管长为267毫米，瞄准基线长为565毫米，枪全重为4.76千克。
M1A1式11.43毫米冲锋枪-1A1式是-1式的改进型，它的主要不同之处是将活动式击针改为固定式击针，并取消了击铁，其他与-1式完全一样。其自动方式仍然是自由枪机原理，此式冲锋枪枪管处无散热圈和枪口减震器，击针固定在机心上，并成为一个整体。
从结构上看该枪的构造是简单的。枪机柄仍然在右侧，枪的准星与枪口齐平。它发射0.45英寸(11.43毫米)柯尔特自动手枪弹，弹头初速为282米/秒，有效射程为200米，由20或30发弹匣供弹，理论射速为700发/分钟，膛线右旋6条，枪全长为813毫米，枪管长为267毫米，瞄准基线长为565毫米，枪全重为4.536千克。
瞄准装置
各种汤姆森冲锋枪均采用机械瞄准具，准星为片状，但-1928A1式采用带觇孔照门的翻转式表尺，-1式和-1A1式则采用带觇孔照门的固定式表尺。
弹药
汤普森冲锋枪发射11.43毫米柯尔特自动手枪弹。
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