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一、地形、地貌
山西六大盆地包括大同盆地、太原盆地、临汾盆地、忻州盆地、长治盆地和运城盆地。大同盆地四周群山环抱,其西南为管涔山,西边为洪涛山、七峰山,东北至西南依次为六陵山、恒山、馒头山,其中最高峰为馒头山。地形总趋势是西南高、北东低,边山高、中间低。盆地四周山前均有大大小小的洪积扇裙构成山前倾斜平原,而盆地中部为河流冲积形成的平原区。太原盆地位于太行山与吕梁山之间,盆地四周均为丘陵和山区环绕,盆地总体呈北东向展布。临汾盆地西部及西北部为吕梁山,北部为灵石低山丘陵区东部太岳山脉,南部自东向西有紫金山、稷王山、孤山及大小嶷山呈岛状隆起,盆地内部由外围向盆地中心(汾河谷地)依次分布有山前倾斜平原区、冲积高阶地与冲积低阶地。忻州盆地地形总趋势是群山环抱中间低凹,地势自山区向盆地呈阶梯状下降,盆地内地形从两侧向主河道呈不对称缓慢倾斜,地貌类型由盆地周边向中心依次为高中山、中山、低中山、黄土丘陵(台塬)、倾斜平原及冲积平原区。长治盆地四周为丘陵和山地环绕,东部为北北东向延伸的太行山系,西部属太岳山系的东麓延伸部分,南部为低山丘陵,北部以丘陵为主,西白兔乡一带为条带状分布的黄土斜坡地,盆地地形总体趋势是南高北低,东西高中间低。运城盆地是山西地堑系西南端的一个断陷盆地,为一半封闭型山间盆地,盆地南部、东北部中条山,北部,自东向西有紫金山、稷王山、孤山、大小嶷山,呈岛状隆起,展布于黄土台塬之上,西部栲栳塬,塬面自西北向东南盆地中心倾斜。
二、水文、气象
山西六大盆地中大同盆地属大陆性半干旱气候区。干燥、少雨、多风沙,昼夜温差大,日照充足。年平均气温约6.5~7.5℃,历年最高气温38.3℃,最低气温-37.3℃,无霜期120~140d,最大冻土深度1.0~1.8m,平均风速3.0m/s,最大风速可达14~16m/s。
山西六大盆地水系主要属于黄河、海河水系。大同盆地水系属海河水系,桑干河为主要河流,其支流有恢河、黄水河、十里河、御河、浑河。长治盆地水系属海河水系,浊漳河为其主要河流,自襄垣以上分南源、西源和北源三大支流。汾河为太原盆地的最大河流。汾河自兰村峡口进入太原盆地,由北而南,经太原、清徐、文水、祁县、平遥、介休等县,最后由义棠峡口流出区外。临汾盆地主要河流为黄河、汾河,汾河为区内主干河,大小支流近30条。忻州盆地滹沱河为区内主干河流,由北向南贯穿盆地中部,属海河流域子牙河水系,发源于繁峙县泰戏山麓的桥儿沟,流经繁峙、代县、原平、忻府、定襄,在盆地东南的济胜桥流出本区。运城盆地河流属黄河流域涑水河水系,涑水河为区内主干河,全区大小河流近10条。
三、地质、构造
燕山运动是整个侏罗纪、白垩纪期间广泛发育于我国的重要构造运动,在山西表现为三期五幕,它们使之前沉积的地层褶皱、隆起,并形成一些山间盆地,同时伴随有强烈的岩浆活动。喜马拉雅运动包括三个主要构造幕使盆地的雏形已基本形成。更新世至全新世,各山区不均衡上升,形成很多期夷平面或阶地,盆地不均衡下降,接受了巨厚的沉积。
大同断陷盆地是汾渭地堑的一部分,是受北西—南东向拉张应力在边张裂、边下陷,边接受沉积,盆地边缘掀斜呈簸箕状的新裂陷。它不完全是中生代构造的继承或反向发展,因此属叠加的新裂陷。裂陷的边缘一般以断裂为界,裂隙内部也有很多断裂,多属同生断裂。太原断陷盆是山西陆台上新生代断陷带中的断陷盆地之一,位于陆台中部和汾渭断陷带的中部,它呈北东向镶嵌在沁水复式向斜的北隅,西部为南北向的吕梁复背斜,北部为北东向的五台复背斜,东部为南北的太行复背斜。临汾断陷盆地是山西陆台受不同时期多次构造运动,于新生代断陷带中的断陷盆地之一,位于陆台中南部,亦即汾渭断陷带的中南部。该断陷盆地西侧为吕梁山背斜,东侧为霍山、中条山背斜。忻州盆地位于山西台背斜的中北部,整体镶嵌在五台山块隆的中北部,在燕山运动末期已形成构造雏形,喜山期以来进一步断陷成盆。长治盆地位于太行山以西,为新生代断陷盆地,其生成始于燕山运动太行山隆起。运城盆地分为三个大的构造地貌单元,东、南部为中条山断块隆起区、北部峨嵋台地抬升区和中部盆地断块沉陷区———运城断陷盆地区。
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