河姆渡文化的主要器物

2025年04月03日 18:36
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河姆渡遗址是我国新石器时代遗址考古中陶器出土最多、复原率最高的遗址之一,两次考古发掘,出土陶片40万件之多,完整的和可复原的陶器占总出土器物的1/6左右,已获得完整器和复原器1221件。出土陶器中最具特色的是早期的夹碳黑陶,这是河姆渡先民有意识地在陶土中掺和了炭末,主要是为了减少陶土粘性,提高成品率。陶器的种类很多,主要有釜、罐、盆、盘、钵、豆、盉、甑、鼎等,按使用功能可以分为炊煮器、饮食器、储存器、汲水器。较为特殊的有灶和盉两种。陶灶形似簸箕,内壁有3个乳钉状足,为安放釜而设置。陶灶发明后,解决了木构建筑内煮炊防火问题,是后世南方居民一直使用的缸灶的前身。
陶盉形似酒壶,前有冲天管状嘴,后为喇吹口,中间以扁平半耳环连结。器壁内外打磨光滑,制作精细,今天看仍有很高的艺术欣赏价值。多数专家认为这是一种酒器。 出土的骨器有3000多件,是河姆渡先民的重要生产工具,按使用功能分为骨耜、骨箭头、骨凿、骨锥、骨针、骨哨、骨镰、骨鱼镖、管状针等,以骨耜最具特色。
骨耜取材于大、中型哺乳类动物的肩胛骨。耜的外形基本保持原骨的自然形状,上端厚而窄,下端刃部薄而宽。骨面正中有一道竖向浅槽,下端呈圆舌形,其两侧有两个平行的长方孔,上端有一横穿方銎。是为绑扎竖向木柄而设计的。这种制作方法为河姆渡文化遗址所特有。骨耜通体光滑,有的刃部因长久与土壤磨擦而残缺或形成双叉、三叉式。这是一种很具特色的农业生产工具。遗址出土骨耜有170件之多,与数量巨大的稻谷堆积物相对应,说明河姆渡农业已从采集进入到耜耕生产阶段。 共300多件,大多出土于第四文化层,说明距今7000年前,木器已被广泛用于生产和生活的各个方面,木器制作技术已达到相当高的水平。最为重要的木器是纺织工具和木桨。纺织工具有木(陶)纺轮、齿状器、木机刀、卷布棍、圆木棒、尖头小棒、木(骨)匕等。纺织专家认为是踞织机的零件。有了纺织,说明河姆渡先民已脱离茹毛饮血的野蛮生活,进入初具文明的历史阶段。
木桨共8件,采用整块木料加工制作而成,柄部为圆形,桨叶呈柳叶形。有桨必有船,早在7000年前,河姆渡先民就划桨行舟,用于捕捞和邻近氏族之间的交通往来。 河姆渡遗址出土的原始艺术品不仅数量大,而且题材广,造型独特,内容丰富多彩。主要表现在象牙雕刻、陶器纹饰上面,尤其是一些象牙雕刻器,线条流畅,造型美观,令人叹为观止。
(1)象牙雕刻艺术。蝶形器8件,以扁平的象牙片磨制而成,因形同平展的蝴蝶而命名。其中最引人注目的是一件“双鸟朝阳”纹象牙碟形器,长16.6厘米,宽5.9厘米,厚1.1厘米,上半部残缺,底端也稍残。正面中间阴刻5个大小不等的同心圆,外圆上端刻有熊熊的火焰纹,象征太阳的光芒,两侧各有一只引昂勾喙鸷鸟拥载太阳,器物边缘还锥刻羽状纹。整件器物图像布局严谨、雕刻技术娴熟、形象逼真传神、寓意耐人寻味,是河姆渡原始艺术的精品。
鸟形圆雕4件。其中有一件完整器长15.8厘米,宽3.4厘米,厚0.8厘米,柄端雕出俯首的鸟头,圆目勾喙,似鹰类猛禽,中间为鸟身和翅膀,背面平整,阴刻短直线和斜线组成的图案,两侧也有斜线和弯月形短线,羽毛感强烈。腹部较厚,有横向突脊,其上有透孔,作穿绳佩挂之用。尾部扁长,略成圆弧。这些精致的艺术品虽是氏族的共同财产,但只有氏族首领才有权利使用。
(2)陶器刻画作品。刻划于陶器口沿和腹部,内容包括太阳、月亮、花草树木、鱼鸟虫兽等,画面简洁舒展,风格朴实而又生机盎然,既反映了河姆渡先民热爱生活、热爱大自然的美好情感,也折射出先民期望风调雨顺、农业丰收的内心世界。代表作品有鱼藻纹陶盆、稻穗纹陶盆、猪纹陶钵、五叶纹陶块等。这些带有刻画艺术的陶器,出土时基本完整,即使是碎片,也是原地压碎,可以拼复完整,说明河姆渡先民对它们特别珍重,应是祭祀用品,推测原始宗教意识已在先民中萌芽。
(3)人体装饰品。有璜、管、珠、环、饼等。珠、环等饰品大多用玉和莹石制成,在阳光下闪烁着淡绿的光彩,晶莹美丽。还有一些以兽类的獠牙或犬牙、鱼类的脊椎骨制成的装饰品。

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