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校尉是中国历史上重要的武官官职。官名。校,军事编制单位。尉,军官。校尉为部队长之意。战国末当已有此官。秦朝为中级军官。汉朝时达到鼎盛时期,其地位仅次于各将军。
校尉始置于秦朝,为中级军官。西汉,汉武帝为了加强对长安城的防护而置中垒、屯骑、步兵、越骑、长水、胡骑、射声、虎贲八校尉。八校尉之秩皆为比二千石,属官有丞及司马
其中,中垒本为中尉的属官,武帝时从中尉下分出而升为校尉,掌北军垒门内外;屯骑校尉掌骑士;步兵校尉专掌位于长安西南郊上林苑的苑门屯兵;长水校尉掌长安西北郊的宣曲胡骑;胡骑校尉掌池阳胡骑,不常置。射声校尉掌射声士;虎贲校尉掌轻车。八校尉统领的军队是从地方或少数民族中选募来的常备兵。八校皆属精劲之旅,而胡骑、越骑尤为重要。西汉时统领者多为皇帝的亲信。
东汉时将中垒校尉省去,又将胡骑并入长水,虎贲并入射声,只剩下五校尉。史书中
常见的“五营”、“五校”,即指五校尉所属的军队。两汉时的诸校尉都以戍卫京师为主要职责,东汉时五校尉多由宗室担任,兼任宿卫宫廷的任务。 到汉末灵帝曾经特设西园八校尉,掌管京师附近的兵权。但此时随着军权分散各地诸侯并起,校尉的名号开始多见,如骁骑校尉(曹操)、折冲校尉(袁术、孙策、夏侯惇)、鹰扬校尉(曹洪)等,而地位则居于越来越多的各中郎将之下。
魏、晋、南朝及北朝魏、齐均置,属领军将军;北齐时属左、右卫府。诸朝都城不在关中,仍称“长水”仅为沿袭旧名。到三国时期,有军功者越来越多,大量被封为将军,校尉反而成为了低级军官的职位。如《赤壁之战》:“以鲁肃为赞军校尉。”鲁肃当时担任协助主帅周瑜规划军事的副将。隋唐时期定例为武散官低品官号。唐、宋、元、明六品以下,清只限于八九品。明、清以卫士为校尉。明锦衣卫的校尉同差役。清除散官外,实职不用校尉名,仅为习称。
八校尉具体分工如下:
城门校尉:掌京师城门屯兵,有司马、十二城门侯。
中垒校尉:掌北军垒门内,外掌西域。
屯骑校尉:人穿衣甲,马穿马铠,手使长枪马刀,用于冲突,也称为突骑。
步兵校尉:掌上林苑门屯兵。
越骑校尉:人穿薄甲,用弓矢,多用于搜索、警戒及追击。
长水校尉:掌驻扎在长水宣曲的、由匈奴等胡人组成的骑兵。
胡骑校尉:掌驻扎在池阳的、由匈奴(部族与长水校尉所辖不同)等胡人组成的骑兵。
射声校尉:掌禁军中的弓箭手部队。
虎贲校尉:掌战车部队。
汉朝在西域等少数民族地区的驻军长官也称校尉,如驻西域的戊己校尉、驻陕甘的护羌校尉等。
同时在汉至魏晋设司隶校尉作为检察官用来监督京师和地方
汉武帝时,名将霍去病在受将军职前曾因战功被封为骠姚校尉,时年仅十八岁。
汉朝时校尉达到鼎盛时期,其地位仅次于各将军。校尉手下一定有自己统领的部队,而将军却不一定有自己的军队。所以校尉的实际影响力有时候甚至超过将军,东汉末年三国序幕之时,名义上统领天下兵马的大将军何进被宦官所杀,而其手下的校尉袁绍、曹操等却以此带领士兵杀死了所有的宦官。
汉武帝初置中垒、屯骑、步兵、越骑、长水、胡骑、射声、虎贲八校尉保护京师。秩两千石,与各郡太守等。
从官位和领兵的情况看,这八校尉是地位相当高武职。如果太尉相当于国防部长,那么八校尉在武职方面仅次于太尉,又因全部集于京师,又不同于各地的军区长官。如果把各郡的最高武官都尉看作是司令员,那么“八校尉”应该是比都尉地位高,且掌兵更多的司令员。
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