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第一,舞台表演及表情动作——“科”。元杂剧在表现人物思想感情及有关情节时,多采用身段动作和表情来揭示,这些动作叫“科”。如:白朴的《唐明皇秋夜梧桐雨》第二折中有报子“作报科”“使臣见驾科”“正末看科”。关汉卿《救风尘》第四折有“外旦怕科”“周舍夺科”“周扯二旦科”。这些例子说明,元杂剧中与情节相关的动作,已基本程式化了。这是如今戏曲中大量程式化动作的发展来源。戏曲中诸如“出门”“进门”“上下楼”“行船”“走马”“起霸”等。这些程式动作是经过了几百年的发展而形成的。
第二,插入舞蹈。元杂剧中“舞科”或“跳舞科”,都是一段或长或短的舞蹈表演。如:《唐明皇秋夜梧桐雨》“楔子”(四折正剧前所加的短小的独立段落叫“楔子”)中,描写安禄山表演的舞台剧本写道:“(正末云)……放了他者。(做放科)(安禄山起谢云)谢主公不杀之恩。(做跳舞科)(正末云)这是什么?(安禄山)这是《胡旋舞》。(旦云)陛下,这人又矬矮,又会舞旋,留着解闷倒好。”
同剧中杨贵妃尝过四川进贡的鲜荔枝后,登盘而舞,剧本写道:“(高力士云)请娘娘登盘,演一回《霓裳》之舞。(正末云)依卿奏者。(正旦做舞)(众乐撺掇科)。”可见,剧中安禄山和杨贵妃都表演了一段与剧情有关的舞蹈。所跳之舞保留了《胡旋舞》和《霓裳羽衣舞》之传统遗韵。
再如,乔吉《杜牧之诗酒扬州梦》“楔子”中,表现张太守为好友杜牧之饯行。剧本写道:“(张太守云)学士,自古道筵前无乐,不成欢乐。今舍下有一女,年方一十三岁,名曰好好,善能歌舞,着他出来歌舞一回,与学士送酒咱。(正末云)深蒙厚意,感谢感谢。(张太守云):好好,你歌舞一回,服侍相公咱。(旦歌舞科)。”
上述几例可见,插入与剧情相关的舞蹈,包括了男子独舞,女子独舞以及歌舞。另有一些与剧情无关的插入性舞段。如:朱凯《刘玄德醉走黄鹤楼》第二折中,表现关平奉诸葛亮命令给刘玄德送寒衣这一情节时,插人表现农家生活的一段儿童歌舞,类似宋代民间舞《村田乐》。《铁拐李度金童玉女》四折中插入了双人舞与群舞。剧本写道:“(金母云)您两个思凡尘世,托生女直地面,配为夫妇,女直家多会歌舞,您两个带舞带唱,我试看咱。(正末同旦舞科)(金母云)金童玉女,您离瑶池多时,您则知您女直家会歌舞,可着俺八仙,舞一会你看。(八仙上歌舞科)(共唱)(青天歌)。”
这些与情节无太大关系的舞蹈,起着调解气氛,赏心悦目,增加戏曲的观赏性的作用。
第三,元杂剧已运用武术杂技表演,如:高安道的套曲《疏淡行院》(见胡忌《宋金杂剧考》)附录描述了一上座不好的勾栏:“(耍孩儿五煞)扑红旗裹着惯老,拖白练缠着月曲瞅,兔毛大伯难中瞅,踏跷的险不桩的头破,翻跳的争些儿跌的进流,登踏判驱老瘦,调队子全无些骨巧,疙痘鬼不见些捣搜。”文中提到的“扑旗”“白练”“踏距”“登踏”等,是民间武术杂技的节目或技巧。
再如,《气英布》第三折中(樊哙扯架子科),第四折(正末扮探子执旗打枪背上),《马陵道》第一折(卒子摆阵科)(郑安平打阵科)等。“扯架子”“打枪背”“打阵子”等武术动作技巧,至今仍保留在戏曲中。
元杂剧中还有专门以舞蹈“打散”(每本杂剧中最后一场附加的表演叫“打散”),如前《青楼集》中所提到的艺伎魏道道在“勾栏内独舞鹧鹕打散”“无能继者”。
从元杂剧中有关舞蹈的吸收运用,我们可以看到舞蹈及其各种带有程式化的动作被吸收到戏剧情节内容的表演之中,舞与情节的结合显得比较简单,并未达到现今戏曲中舞蹈与情节及人物思想感情的高度完美的统一,但程式化的动作已经有了。
不少优美的舞段进入戏剧中,赏心悦目,吸引观众。而且,元杂剧艺伎都是经过了较好的全面的训练。不少杂剧艺人多才多艺,歌舞谈谑之能,皆非一日之功夫而成。元代是舞蹈衰落与戏曲兴盛的时代,在这衰落与兴盛之中,戏曲舞蹈以一种兼容并蓄的姿态出现了。
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